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Evolutionary history of the oriental fire-bellied toad (Bombina orientalis) in Northeast China.

ABSTRACT: The evolutionary history of a species is generally affected by the combination of geological events and climate fluctuations. By analyzing the population features, genetic structure and the effective population historical dynamics of existing species, the population evolutionary history can be reestablished. In recent years, geological evidence shows that the Yilan-Yitong fault zone located in Northeast Asia experienced strong and frequent geological changes in the late Quaternary period. Species population history has been shaped by the combination of the complex climatic conditions of the Quaternary and Pleistocene glacial interglacial cycles and palaeogeological events in Northeast Asia and it has become a research focus for evolutionary biology researchers. In this study, mitochondrial and microsatellite molecular markers were used to reveal the population features, genetic structure, and the effective population historical dynamics of the Oriental fire-bellied toad (Bombina orientalis). The results showed that the strong seismic activity of the Yilan-Yitong fault zone in the late Quaternary period was the main reason for the population differentiation of Oriental fire-bellied toad in northeast China. The Quaternary Pleistocene glacial interglacial cycles led to the significant bottleneck effect of the western population located in the Maoer mountain area. As a result, the western population has low genetic diversity. Recent gene flow between eastern and western populations and historical evidence of population expansion proved that the dispersal behavior of the western populations was the main cause of the low genetic diversity and mitochondrial and nuclear discordance. Human economic activity may be the mainly driving factor. These evidences showed that the comprehensive influence of geology, climate, human activities and other factors should be considered in the process of exploring the evolutionary history of species.

SUBMITTER: Yu L

PROVIDER: S-EPMC8093726 | biostudies-literature |

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Project description:Yellow-bellied toad populations (Bombina variegata) show a wide fast-slow continuum of the life-history trait longevity ranging from 5 to 23 years. We investigated populations in Germany (n = 8) and Austria (n = 1) to determine their position within the continuum of longevity and the potential drivers of adult survival at the local and the continental scale. Intrinsic and extrinsic factors considered were local weather, nutritional state, allocation of ingested energy to somatic growth, pathogen prevalence, and geographical clines (latitude, altitude, and longitude). Capture-mark-recapture (CMR) monitoring and direct age assessment by skeletochronology allowed for reliable estimates of longevity and adult survival. Raw and corrected recapture rates as well as a probabilistic estimate of the lifespan of the eldest 1% adults of a cohort (CMR data) were used as surrogates for adult survival and thus longevity in a population. Additionally, survival rates were calculated from static life tables based on the age structure (skeletochronological data) of eight populations. Populations in Germany were short-lived with a maximum lifespan of annual cohorts varying from 5 to 8 years, whereas the population in Austria was long-lived with a cohort longevity of 13 to 23 years. We provide evidence that annual survival rates and longevity differ among years and between short- and long-lived populations, but there was no decrease of survival in older toads (i.e. absence of senescence). Variation of weather among years accounted for 90.7% of variance in annual survival rates of short-lived populations, whereas the sources of variation in the long-lived population remained unidentified. At the continental scale, longevity variation among B. variegata populations studied so far did not correspond to geographical clines or climate variation. Therefore, we propose that a population's position within the fast-slow continuum integrates the response to local environmental stochasticity (extrinsic source of variation) and the efficiency of chemical antipredator protection determining the magnitude of longevity (intrinsic source of variation).

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Evolutionary history of the oriental fire-bellied toad (Bombina orientalis) in Northeast China.

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