The p53-caspase-2 axis in the cell cycle and DNA damage response.
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ABSTRACT:
SUBMITTER: Lim Y
PROVIDER: S-EPMC8102494 | biostudies-literature |
REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature
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Project description:The tumor suppressor p53 is required for the maintenance of genomic integrity following DNA damage. One mechanism by which p53 functions is to induce a block in the transition between the G(1) and S phase of the cell cycle. Previous studies indicate that the Krüppel-like factor 4 (KLF4) gene is activated following DNA damage and that such activation depends on p53. In addition, enforced expression of KLF4 causes G(1)/S arrest. The present study examines the requirement of KLF4 in mediating the p53-dependent cell cycle arrest process in response to DNA damage. We show that the G(1) population of a colon cancer cell line, HCT116, that is null for the p53 alleles (-/-) was abolished following gamma irradiation compared with cells with wild-type p53 (+/+). Conditional expression of KLF4 in irradiated HCT116 p53-/- cells restored the G(1) cell population to a level similar to that seen in irradiated HCT116 p53+/+ cells. Conversely, treatment of HCT116 p53+/+ cells with small interfering RNA (siRNA) specific for KLF4 significantly reduced the number of cells in the G(1) phase following gamma irradiation compared with the untreated control or those treated with a nonspecific siRNA. In each case the increase or decrease in KLF4 level because of conditional induction or siRNA inhibition, respectively, was accompanied by an increase or decrease in the level of p21(WAF1/CIP1). Results of our study indicate that KLF4 is an essential mediator of p53 in controlling G(1)/S progression of the cell cycle following DNA damage.
| S-EPMC2229830 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Heterogeneous ribonucleoprotein-K (hnRNP-K) is normally ubiquitinated by HDM2 for proteasome-mediated degradation. Under DNA-damage conditions, hnRNP-K is transiently stabilized and serves as a transcriptional co-activator of p53 for cell-cycle arrest. However, how the stability and function of hnRNP-K is regulated remained unknown. Here, we demonstrated that UV-induced SUMOylation of hnRNP-K prevents its ubiquitination for stabilization. Using SUMOylation-defective mutant and purified SUMOylated hnRNP-K, SUMOylation was shown to reduce hnRNP-K's affinity to HDM2 with an increase in that to p53 for p21-mediated cell-cycle arrest. PIAS3 served as a small ubiquitin-related modifier (SUMO) E3 ligase for hnRNP-K in an ATR-dependent manner. During later periods after UV exposure, however, SENP2 removed SUMO from hnRNP-K for its destabilization and in turn for release from cell-cycle arrest. Consistent with the rise-and-fall of both SUMOylation and stability of hnRNP-K, its ability to interact with PIAS3 was inversely correlated to that with SENP2 during the time course after UV exposure. These findings indicate that SUMO modification plays a crucial role in the control of hnRNP-K's function as a p53 co-activator in response to DNA damage by UV.
| S-EPMC3512394 | biostudies-literature
Project description:The p53 tumor suppressor acts as a guardian of the genome in mammalian cells undergoing DNA double strand breaks induced by a various forms of cell stress, including inappropriate growth signals or ionizing radiation. Following damage, p53 protein levels become greatly elevated in cells and p53 functions primarily as a transcription factor to regulate the expression a wide variety of genes that coordinate this DNA damage response. In cells undergoing high amounts of DNA damage, p53 can promote apoptosis, whereas in cells undergoing less damage, p53 promotes senescence or transient cell growth arrest and the expression of genes involved in DNA repair, depending upon the cell type and level of damage. Failure of the damaged cell to undergo growth arrest or apoptosis, or to respond to the DNA damage by other p53-coordinated mechanisms, can lead to inappropriate cell growth and tumorigenesis. In cells that have successfully responded to genetic damage, the amount of p53 present in the cell must return to basal levels in order for the cell to resume normal growth and function. Although regulation of p53 levels and function is coordinated by many proteins, it is now widely accepted that the master regulator of p53 is Mdm2. In this review, we discuss the role(s) of p53 in the DNA damage response and in tumor suppression, and how post-translational modification of Mdm2 regulates the Mdm2-p53 signaling axis to govern p53 activities in the cell.
| S-EPMC5501481 | biostudies-other
Project description:After DNA damage, cells must decide between different fates including growth arrest, DNA repair, and apoptosis. Both p53 and E2F1 are transcription factors involved in the decision process. However, the mechanism for cross-talk between the p53 and E2F1 pathways still remains unclear. Here, we proposed a four-module kinetic model of the decision process and explored the interplay between these two pathways in response to ionizing radiation via computer simulation. In our model the levels of p53 and E2F1 separately exhibit pulsatile and switching behaviors. Upon DNA damage, p53 is first activated, whereas E2F1 is inactivated, leading to cell cycle arrest in the G(1) phase. We found that the ultimate decision between cell life and death is determined by the number of p53 pulses depending on the extent of DNA damage. For repairable DNA damage, the cell can survive and reenter the S phase because of the activation of E2F1 and inactivation of p53. For irreparable DNA damage, growth arrest is overcome by growth factors, and activated p53 and E2F1 cooperate to initiate apoptosis. We showed that E2F1 promotes apoptosis by up-regulating the proapoptotic cofactors of p53 and procaspases. It was also revealed that deregulated E2F1 by oncogene activation can make cells sensitive to DNA damage even in low serum medium. Our model consistently recapitulates the experimental observations of the intricate relationship between p53 and E2F1 in the DNA damage response. This work underscores the significance of E2F1 in p53-mediated cell fate decision and may provide clues to cancer therapy.
| S-EPMC2951231 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Cells are constantly exposed to DNA damaging insults. To protect the organism, cells developed a complex molecular response coordinated by P53, the master regulator of DNA repair, cell division and cell fate. DNA damage accumulation and abnormal cell fate decision may represent a pathomechanism shared by aging-associated disorders such as cancer and neurodegeneration. Here, we examined this hypothesis in the context of tauopathies, a neurodegenerative disorder group characterized by Tau protein deposition. For this, the response to an acute DNA damage was studied in neuroblastoma cells with depleted Tau, as a model of loss-of-function. Under these conditions, altered P53 stability and activity result in reduced cell death and increased cell senescence. This newly discovered function of Tau involves abnormal modification of P53 and its E3 ubiquitin ligase MDM2. Considering the medical need with vast social implications caused by neurodegeneration and cancer, our study may reform our approach to disease-modifying therapies.
| S-EPMC7237658 | biostudies-literature
Project description:In addition to its classical role in apoptosis, accumulating evidence suggests that caspase-2 has non-apoptotic functions, including regulation of cell division. Loss of caspase-2 is known to increase proliferation rates but how caspase-2 is regulating this process is currently unclear. We show that caspase-2 is activated in dividing cells in G1-phase of the cell cycle. In the absence of caspase-2, cells exhibit numerous S-phase defects including delayed exit from S-phase, defects in repair of chromosomal aberrations during S-phase, and increased DNA damage following S-phase arrest. In addition, caspase-2-deficient cells have a higher frequency of stalled replication forks, decreased DNA fiber length, and impeded progression of DNA replication tracts. This indicates that caspase-2 protects from replication stress and promotes replication fork protection to maintain genomic stability. These functions are independent of the pro-apoptotic function of caspase-2 because blocking caspase-2-induced cell death had no effect on cell division, DNA damage-induced cell cycle arrest, or DNA damage. Thus, our data supports a model where caspase-2 regulates cell cycle and DNA repair events to protect from the accumulation of DNA damage independently of its pro-apoptotic function.
| S-EPMC8738157 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Human apolipoprotein-B mRNA-editing catalytic polypeptide-like 3 (APOBEC3) proteins constitute a family of cytidine deaminases that mediate restriction of retroviruses, endogenous retro-elements and DNA viruses. It is well established that these enzymes are potent mutators of viral DNA, but it is unclear whether their editing activity is a threat to the integrity of the cellular genome. We show that expression of APOBEC3A can lead to induction of DNA breaks and activation of damage responses in a deaminase-dependent manner. Consistent with these observations, APOBEC3A expression induces cell-cycle arrest. These results indicate that cellular DNA is vulnerable to APOBEC3 activity and deregulated expression of APOBEC3A could threaten genomic integrity.
| S-EPMC3090015 | biostudies-literature
Project description:The dynamics of the tumor suppressor protein p53 have been previously investigated in single cells using fluorescently tagged p53. Such approach reports on the total abundance of p53 but does not provide a measure for functional p53. We used fluorescent protein-fragment complementation assay (PCA) to quantify in single cells the dynamics of p53 tetramers, the functional units of p53. We found that while total p53 increases proportionally to the input strength, p53 tetramers are formed in cells at a constant rate. This breaks the linear input-output relation and dampens the p53 response. Disruption of the p53-binding protein ARC led to a dose-dependent rate of tetramers formation, resulting in enhanced tetramerization and induction of p53 target genes. Our work suggests that constraining the p53 response in face of variable inputs may protect cells from committing to terminal outcomes and highlights the importance of quantifying the active form of signaling molecules in single cells.
| S-EPMC4299375 | biostudies-literature
Project description:We have previously reported that the human p53 gene encodes at least nine different p53 isoforms, including Δ133p53α, which can modulate p53 transcriptional activity and apoptosis. In this study, we aimed to investigate the regulation of Δ133p53α isoform expression and its physiological role in modulating cell cycle arrest and apoptosis. We report here that in response to a low dose of doxorubicin (which induces cell cycle arrest without promoting apoptosis), p53 directly transactivates the human p53 internal promoter, inducing Δ133p53α protein expression. The induced Δ133p53α then inhibits p53-dependent apoptosis and G1 arrest without inhibiting p53-dependent G2 arrest. Therefore, endogenous Δ133p53α does not exclusively function in a dominant-negative manner toward p53, but differentially regulates cell cycle arrest and apoptosis.
| S-EPMC3039296 | biostudies-literature
Project description:DNA damage in cells occurs from both endogenous and exogenous sources, and failure to repair such damage is associated with the emergence of different cancers, neurological disorders and aging. DNA damage responses (DDR) in cells are closely associated with the cell cycle. While most of our knowledge of DDR comes from bulk biochemistry, such methods require cells to be arrested at specific stages for cell cycle studies, potentially altering measured responses; nor is cell to cell variability in DDR or direct cell-level correlation of two response metrics measured in such methods. To overcome these limitations we developed a microscopy-based assay for determining cell cycle stages over large cell numbers. This method can be used to study cell-cycle-dependent DDR in cultured cells without the need for cell synchronization. Upon DNA damage ?H2A.X induction was correlated to nuclear enrichment of p53 on a cell-by-cell basis and in a cell cycle dependent manner. Imaging-based cell cycle staging was combined with single molecule P53 mRNA detection and immunofluorescence for p53 protein in the very same cells to reveal an intriguing repression of P53 transcript numbers due to reduced transcription across different stages of the cell cycle during DNA damage. Our study hints at an unexplored mechanism for p53 regulation and underscores the importance of measuring single cell level responses to DNA damage.
| S-EPMC6110596 | biostudies-literature