The virtual loss function in the summary perception of motion and its limited adjustability.
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ABSTRACT:
SUBMITTER: Teng T
PROVIDER: S-EPMC8107510 | biostudies-literature |
REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature
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Project description:Even though reciprocal inhibitory vestibular interactions following visual stimulation have been understood as sensory-reweighting mechanisms to stabilize motion perception; this hypothesis has not been thoroughly investigated with temporal dynamic measurements. Recently, virtual reality technology has been implemented in different medical domains. However, exposure in virtual reality environments can cause discomfort, including nausea or headache, due to visual-vestibular conflicts. We speculated that self-motion perception could be altered by accelerative visual motion stimulation in the virtual reality situation because of the absence of vestibular signals (visual-vestibular sensory conflict), which could result in the sickness. The current study investigated spatio-temporal profiles for motion perception using immersive virtual reality. We demonstrated alterations in neural dynamics under the sensory mismatch condition (accelerative visual motion stimulation) and in participants with high levels of sickness after driving simulation. Additionally, an event-related potentials study revealed that the high-sickness group presented with higher P3 amplitudes in sensory mismatch conditions, suggesting that it would be a substantial demand of cognitive resources for motion perception on sensory mismatch conditions.
| S-EPMC7710904 | biostudies-literature
Project description:PurposeBinocular discordance due to strabismus, anisometropia, or both may result in not only monocular visual acuity deficits, but also in motion perception deficits. We determined the prevalence of fellow-eye deficits in motion-defined form (MDF) perception, the ability to identify a two-dimensional (2D) shape defined by motion rather than luminance contrast. We also examined the following: the causative role of reduced visual acuity and binocularity, associations with clinical and sensory factors, and effectiveness of binocular amblyopia treatment in alleviating deficits.MethodsParticipants included 91 children with residual amblyopia (strabismic, anisometropic, or both; age, 9.0 ± 1.7 years), 79 nonamblyopic children with treated strabismus or anisometropia (age, 8.5 ± 2.1 years), and 20 controls (age, 8.6 ± 1.5 years). MDF coherence thresholds, visual acuity, stereoacuity, and interocular suppression were measured.ResultsMDF deficits, relative to controls, were present in the fellow eye of 23% of children with residual amblyopia and 20% of nonamblyopic children. Stereoacuity and age first patched were correlated with MDF threshold (r = 0.29, 95% CI: 0.09-0.47; r = -0.33, 95% CI: -0.13 to -0.50, respectively). MDF deficits were more common in children treated with patching alone than in those receiving contrast-rebalanced binocular treatment with games or movies (t89 = 3.46; P = 0.0008). The latter was associated with a reduction in mean fellow eye MDF threshold (t26 = 6.32, P < 0.0001).ConclusionsFellow eye MDF deficits are common and likely reflect abnormalities in binocular cortical mechanisms that result from early discordant visual experience. Binocular amblyopia treatment, which is effective in improving amblyopic eye visual acuity, appears to provide a benefit for the fellow eye.
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Project description:Video games have long been considered an effective educational tool. Environmental education studies have found that games positively affect the feeling of nature connectedness, producing pro-environmental attitudes and behaviors. With growing urbanization, video games also provide chances to interact with nature. During the COVID-19 lockdown, Nintendo's Animal Crossing: New Horizon (ACNH) became a household name, with millions of copies sold worldwide. The article used the Bayesian multilevel model to analyze 640 survey responses of ACNH game players from various online communities. The correlations between the perception of limited resources and virtual planting and exploiting behaviors with the varying effect among ethnicities were explored. The findings suggested positive correlations between the perception and in-game actions among all ethnicities, regardless of whether the actions are planting or exploiting. While further evidence is needed, the findings suggest the restraints of game mechanics. To foster a pro-environmental culture, stakeholders can consider video games a novel technological aid to environmental education.
| S-EPMC9244435 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Sensory signals are transduced at high resolution, but their structure must be stored in a more compact format. Here we provide evidence that the auditory system summarizes the temporal details of sounds using time-averaged statistics. We measured discrimination of 'sound textures' that were characterized by particular statistical properties, as normally result from the superposition of many acoustic features in auditory scenes. When listeners discriminated examples of different textures, performance improved with excerpt duration. In contrast, when listeners discriminated different examples of the same texture, performance declined with duration, a paradoxical result given that the information available for discrimination grows with duration. These results indicate that once these sounds are of moderate length, the brain's representation is limited to time-averaged statistics, which, for different examples of the same texture, converge to the same values with increasing duration. Such statistical representations produce good categorical discrimination, but limit the ability to discern temporal detail.
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Project description:BackgroundVision provides the most salient information with regard to the stimulus motion. However, it has recently been demonstrated that static visual stimuli are perceived as moving laterally by alternating left-right sound sources. The underlying mechanism of this phenomenon remains unclear; it has not yet been determined whether auditory motion signals, rather than auditory positional signals, can directly contribute to visual motion perception.Methodology/principal findingsStatic visual flashes were presented at retinal locations outside the fovea together with a lateral auditory motion provided by a virtual stereo noise source smoothly shifting in the horizontal plane. The flash appeared to move by means of the auditory motion when the spatiotemporal position of the flashes was in the middle of the auditory motion trajectory. Furthermore, the lateral auditory motion altered visual motion perception in a global motion display where different localized motion signals of multiple visual stimuli were combined to produce a coherent visual motion perception.Conclusions/significanceThese findings suggest there exist direct interactions between auditory and visual motion signals, and that there might be common neural substrates for auditory and visual motion processing.
| S-EPMC3052321 | biostudies-literature
Project description:BackgroundColocalization is a statistical method used in genetics to determine whether the same variant is causal for multiple phenotypes, for example, complex traits and gene expression. It provides stronger mechanistic evidence than shared significance, which can be produced through separate causal variants in linkage disequilibrium. Current colocalization methods require full summary statistics for both traits, limiting their use with the majority of reported GWAS associations (e.g. GWAS Catalog). We propose a new approximation to the popular coloc method that can be applied when limited summary statistics are available. Our method (POint EstiMation of Colocalization, POEMColoc) imputes missing summary statistics for one or both traits using LD structure in a reference panel, and performs colocalization using the imputed summary statistics.ResultsWe evaluate the performance of POEMColoc using real (UK Biobank phenotypes and GTEx eQTL) and simulated datasets. We show good correlation between posterior probabilities of colocalization computed from imputed and observed datasets and similar accuracy in simulation. We evaluate scenarios that might reduce performance and show that multiple independent causal variants in a region and imputation from a limited subset of typed variants have a larger effect while mismatched ancestry in the reference panel has a modest effect. Further, we find that POEMColoc is a better approximation of coloc when the imputed association statistics are from a well powered study (e.g., relatively larger sample size or effect size). Applying POEMColoc to estimate colocalization of GWAS Catalog entries and GTEx eQTL, we find evidence for colocalization of 150,000 trait-gene-tissue triplets.ConclusionsWe find that colocalization analysis performed with full summary statistics can be closely approximated when only the summary statistics of the top SNP are available for one or both traits. When applied to the full GWAS Catalog and GTEx eQTL, we find that colocalized trait-gene pairs are enriched in tissues relevant to disease etiology and for matches to approved drug mechanisms. POEMColoc R package is available at https://github.com/AbbVie-ComputationalGenomics/POEMColoc .
| S-EPMC8130535 | biostudies-literature
Project description:A vivid perception of the moving form of a human figure can be obtained from a few moving light points on the joints of the body. This is known as biological motion perception. It is commonly believed that the perception of biological motion rests on image motion signals. Curiously, however, some patients with lesions to motion processing areas of the dorsal stream are severely impaired in image motion perception but can easily perceive biological motion. Here we describe a biological motion stimulus based on a limited lifetime technique that tests the perception of a moving human figure in the absence of local image motion. We find that subjects can spontaneously recognize a moving human figure in displays without local image motion. Their performance is very similar to that for classic point-light displays. We also find that tasks involving the discrimination of walking direction or the coherence of a walking figure can be performed in the absence of image motion. Thus, although image motion may generally aid processes such as segmenting figure from background, we propose that it is not the basis for the precept of biological motion. Rather, we suggest biological motion is derived from dynamic form information on body posture evolving over time.
| S-EPMC122827 | biostudies-literature
Project description:The dorsal visual processing stream that includes V1, motion sensitive area V5 and the posterior parietal lobe, supports visually guided motor function. Two recent studies have reported associations between global motion perception, a behavioural measure of processing in V5, and motor function in pre-school and school aged children. This indicates a relationship between visual and motor development and also supports the use of global motion perception to assess overall dorsal stream function in studies of human neurodevelopment. We investigated whether associations between vision and motor function were present at 2 years of age, a substantially earlier stage of development. The Bayley III test of Infant and Toddler Development and measures of vision including visual acuity (Cardiff Acuity Cards), stereopsis (Lang stereotest) and global motion perception were attempted in 404 2-year-old children (±4 weeks). Global motion perception (quantified as a motion coherence threshold) was assessed by observing optokinetic nystagmus in response to random dot kinematograms of varying coherence. Linear regression revealed that global motion perception was modestly, but statistically significantly associated with Bayley III composite motor (r2=0.06, P<0.001, n=375) and gross motor scores (r2=0.06, p<0.001, n=375). The associations remained significant when language score was included in the regression model. In addition, when language score was included in the model, stereopsis was significantly associated with composite motor and fine motor scores, but unaided visual acuity was not statistically significantly associated with any of the motor scores. These results demonstrate that global motion perception and binocular vision are associated with motor function at an early stage of development. Global motion perception can be used as a partial measure of dorsal stream function from early childhood.
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Project description:Previous literature suggests a relationship between individual characteristics of motion perception and the peak frequency of motion sickness sensitivity. Here, we used well-established paradigms to relate motion perception and motion sickness on an individual level. We recruited 23 participants to complete a two-part experiment. In the first part, we determined individual velocity storage time constants from perceived rotation in response to Earth Vertical Axis Rotation (EVAR) and subjective vertical time constants from perceived tilt in response to centrifugation. The cross-over frequency for resolution of the gravito-inertial ambiguity was derived from our data using the Multi Sensory Observer Model (MSOM). In the second part of the experiment, we determined individual motion sickness frequency responses. Participants were exposed to 30-minute sinusoidal fore-aft motions at frequencies of 0.15, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4 and 0.5 Hz, with a peak amplitude of 2 m/s2 in five separate sessions, approximately 1 week apart. Sickness responses were recorded using both the MIsery SCale (MISC) with 30 s intervals, and the Motion Sickness Assessment Questionnaire (MSAQ) at the end of the motion exposure. The average velocity storage and subjective vertical time constants were 17.2 s (STD = 6.8 s) and 9.2 s (STD = 7.17 s). The average cross-over frequency was 0.21 Hz (STD = 0.10 Hz). At the group level, there was no significant effect of frequency on motion sickness. However, considerable individual variability was observed in frequency sensitivities, with some participants being particularly sensitive to the lowest frequencies, whereas others were most sensitive to intermediate or higher frequencies. The frequency of peak sensitivity did not correlate with the velocity storage time constant (r = 0.32, p = 0.26) or the subjective vertical time constant (r = - 0.37, p = 0.29). Our prediction of a significant correlation between cross-over frequency and frequency sensitivity was not confirmed (r = 0.26, p = 0.44). However, we did observe a strong positive correlation between the subjective vertical time constant and general motion sickness sensitivity (r = 0.74, p = 0.0006). We conclude that frequency sensitivity is best considered a property unique to the individual. This has important consequences for existing models of motion sickness, which were fitted to group averaged sensitivities. The correlation between the subjective vertical time constant and motion sickness sensitivity supports the importance of verticality perception during exposure to translational sickness stimuli.
| S-EPMC8006642 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Motion detection is typically spared in blindsight, which results from damage to the striate cortex (area V1) of the brain that is sufficient to eliminate conscious visual awareness and severely reduce sensitivity to luminance contrast, especially for high spatial and low temporal frequencies. Here we show that the discrimination of motion direction within cortically blind fields is not attributable to feature tracking (the detection of changes in position or shape), but is due instead to the detection of first-order motion energy (spatiotemporal changes in luminance). The key to this finding was a version of the line motion illusion entailing reverse-phi motion in which opposing motion directions are simultaneously cued by motion energy and changes in stimulus shape. In forced-choice tests, a blindsighted test subject selected the direction cued by shape change when the stimulus was presented in his intact field, but reliably selected the direction cued by motion energy when the same stimulus was presented in his blind field, where relevant position information was either inaccessible or invalid. Motion energy has been characterized as objectless, so reliance on motion energy detection is consistent with impaired access to shape information in blindsight. The dissociation of motion direction by visual field (cortically blind vs. intact) provides evidence that two pathways from the retina to MT/V5 (the cortical area specialized for motion perception) are functionally distinct: the retinogeniculate pathway through V1 is specialized for feature-based motion perception, whereas the retinocollicular pathway, which bypasses V1, is specialized for detecting motion energy.
| S-EPMC3021061 | biostudies-other