Aliskiren alone or in combination with hydrochlorothiazide in Hispanic/Latino patients with systolic blood pressure 160 mm Hg to <180 mm Hg (Aliskiren Alone or in Combination with Hydrochlorothiazide in Patients with Stage 2 Hypertension to Provide Quick Intensive Control of Blood Pressure [ACQUIRE] substudy).
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SUBMITTER: Black HR
PROVIDER: S-EPMC8108917 | biostudies-literature |
REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature
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Project description:BackgroundData from before the 2000s indicate that the majority of incident cardiovascular disease (CVD) events occur among US adults with systolic and diastolic blood pressure (SBP/DBP) ≥140/90 mm Hg. Over the past several decades, BP has declined and hypertension control has improved.MethodsWe estimated the percentage of incident CVD events that occur at SBP/DBP <140/90 mm Hg in a pooled analysis of 3 contemporary US cohorts: the REGARDS study (Reasons for Geographic and Racial Differences in Stroke), the MESA (Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis), and the JHS (Jackson Heart Study) (n=31 856; REGARDS=21 208; MESA=6779; JHS=3869). Baseline study visits were conducted in 2003 to 2007 for REGARDS, 2000 to 2002 for MESA, and 2000 to 2004 for JHS. BP was measured by trained staff using standardized methods. Antihypertensive medication use was self-reported. The primary outcome was incident CVD, defined by the first occurrence of fatal or nonfatal stroke, nonfatal myocardial infarction, fatal coronary heart disease, or heart failure. Events were adjudicated in each study.ResultsOver a mean follow-up of 7.7 years, 2584 participants had incident CVD events. Overall, 63.0% (95% confidence interval [CI], 54.9-71.1) of events occurred in participants with SBP/DBP <140/90 mm Hg; 58.4% (95% CI, 47.7-69.2) and 68.1% (95% CI, 60.1-76.0) among those taking and not taking antihypertensive medication, respectively. The majority of events occurred in participants with SBP/DBP <140/90 mm Hg among those <65 years of age (66.7%; 95% CI, 60.5-73.0) and ≥65 years of age (60.3%; 95% CI, 51.0-69.5), women (61.4%; 95% CI, 49.9-72.9) and men (63.8%; 95% CI, 58.4-69.1), and for whites (68.7%; 95% CI, 66.1-71.3), blacks (59.0%; 95% CI, 49.5-68.6), Hispanics (52.7%; 95% CI, 45.1-60.4), and Chinese-Americans (58.5%; 95% CI, 45.2-71.8). Among participants taking antihypertensive medication with SBP/DBP <140/90 mm Hg, 76.6% (95% CI, 75.8-77.5) were eligible for statin treatment, but only 33.2% (95% CI, 32.1-34.3) were taking one, and 19.5% (95% CI, 18.5-20.5) met the SPRINT (Systolic Blood Pressure Intervention Trial) eligibility criteria and may benefit from a SBP target goal of 120 mm Hg.ConclusionsAlthough higher BP levels are associated with increased CVD risk, in the modern era, the majority of incident CVD events occur in US adults with SBP/DBP <140/90 mm Hg. While absolute risk and cost-effectiveness should be considered, additional CVD risk-reduction measures for adults with SBP/DBP <140/90 mm Hg at high risk for CVD may be warranted.
| S-EPMC5580500 | biostudies-literature
Project description:ImportanceExtremely low diastolic blood pressure has been reported to be associated with increased adverse cardiovascular events (ie, the diastolic J-shape phenomenon); however, current US guidelines recommend an intensive blood pressure target of less than 130/80 mm Hg without mentioning the lower limits of diastolic blood pressure.ObjectivesTo evaluate whether there is a diastolic J-shape phenomenon for patients with an treated systolic blood pressure of less than 130 mm Hg and to explore the safe and optimal diastolic blood pressure ranges for this patient population.Design, setting, and participantsThis cohort study analyzed outcome data of patients at high cardiovascular risk who were randomized to intensive or standard blood pressure control and achieved treated systolic blood pressure of less than 130 mm Hg in the Systolic Blood Pressure Intervention Trial (SPRINT) and Action to Control Cardiovascular Risk in Diabetes-Blood Pressure (ACCORD-BP) trial. Data were collected from October 2010 to August 2015 (SPRINT) and from September 1999 to June 2009 (ACCORD-BP). Data were analyzed from January to May 2020.ExposureTreated diastolic blood pressure, divided in intervals of less than 60, 60 to less than 70, 70 to less than 80, and 80 mm Hg and greater.Main outcomes and measuresThe primary outcome was a composite of all-cause death, nonfatal myocardial infarction, and nonfatal stroke. A composite cardiovascular outcome, including cardiovascular death, nonfatal myocardial infarction, and nonfatal stroke, was among the key secondary outcomes.ResultsA total of 7515 patients (mean [SD] age, 65.6 [8.7] years; 4553 [60.6%] men) were included in this analysis. The nominally lowest risk was observed at a diastolic blood pressure between 70 and 80 mm Hg for the primary outcome, the composite cardiovascular outcome, nonfatal myocardial infarction, and cardiovascular death. A mean diastolic blood pressure of less than 60 mm Hg was associated with significantly increased risk of the primary outcome (hazard ratio [HR], 1.46; 95% CI, 1.13-1.90; P = .004), the composite cardiovascular outcome (HR, 1.74; 95% CI, 1.26-2.41; P = .001), nonfatal myocardial infarction (HR, 1.73; 95% CI, 1.15-2.59; P = .008), and nonfatal stroke (HR, 2.67; 95% CI, 1.26-5.63; P = .01).Conclusions and relevanceThis cohort study found that lowering diastolic blood pressure to less than 60 mm Hg was associated with increased risk of cardiovascular events in patients with high cardiovascular risk and an treated systolic blood pressure less than 130 mm Hg. The finding that a diastolic blood pressure value between 70 and 80 mm Hg was an optimum target for this patient population merits further study.
| S-EPMC7890449 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Patients with stage 2 hypertension (systolic blood pressure [SBP] ≥160mm Hg and/or diastolic blood pressure [DBP] ≥100mm Hg) are at high cardiovascular risk and require intensive blood pressure (BP)-lowering therapy. This randomized double-blind study is the first prospective trial specifically designed to evaluate the direct renin inhibitor aliskiren in patients with a mean sitting SBP ≥160 mm Hg and <180mm Hg (the lower ranges of stage 2 systolic hypertension). After a 2- to 4-week washout period, 688 patients were randomized to once-daily aliskiren/hydrochlorothiazide (HCT) 150/12.5mg or aliskiren 150mg for 1 week and then double the doses for 11 weeks. Baseline BP was 167.1/95.0mm Hg. At week 12, both aliskiren/HCT and aliskiren provided substantial BP reductions from baseline (30.0/12.6 mm Hg and 20.3/8.2 mm Hg, respectively). Aliskiren/HCT lowered BP significantly more than aliskiren (least-squares mean between-treatment differences [95% confidence interval] were -9.7 [-12.0 to -7.4] for SBP and -4.5 [-5.8 to -3.2] for DBP; both P<.0001). Similar BP reductions were seen in the subgroups of patients with isolated systolic hypertension and obesity. Aliskiren, with or without HCT, provides clinically significant BP reductions and may therefore be an effective treatment option in patients with stage 2 hypertension.
| S-EPMC8673334 | biostudies-literature
Project description:OBJECTIVE:Elevated systolic blood pressure (SBP) can significantly increase the bleeding risk in patients with atrial fibrillation (AF). However, it is unclear whether elevated diastolic blood pressure (DBP), in the presence of well-controlled SBP is also associated with bleeding. Therefore, we aimed to examine the specific relationship between DBP and bleeding in patients with AF treated with anticoagulants and had well-controlled SBP. METHODS:We analyzed data from 542 of 929 patients with nonvalvular AF (NVAF) treated with dabigatran from the Monitor System for the Safety of Dabigatran Treatment study (MISSION-AF) who had a SBP of 120-140 mm Hg at the time of enrollment. The association between DBP and bleeding was analyzed using multivariate logistic regression and smooth curve fitting (penalized spline method). Threshold saturation effect analysis was used to show the nonlinear relationship between DBP and bleeding. RESULTS:After 3 months of follow-up, 49 bleeding events occurred. Compared with participants with DBP <80 mm Hg, those with DBP ?80 mm Hg had a 118% higher bleeding risk [hazard ratio (HR): 2.18; 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.19, 3.98; p<0.05]. The smooth curve showed a nonlinear relationship between DBP and bleeding risk, and the inflection point of DBP was 80 mm Hg. When DBP was ?80 mm Hg, the bleeding risk increased by 59% (HR: 1.59; 95% CI: 1.16, 2.19; p<0.05) for every 5 mm Hg increase in DBP. CONCLUSION:Upon achieving an optimal SBP (120-140 mm Hg), a higher DBP might be associated with a higher bleeding risk in patients with NVAF treated with dabigatran.
| S-EPMC7585965 | biostudies-literature
Project description:In 2014, the Eighth Joint National Committee revised the target maximum systolic blood pressure (SBP) from 140 to 150 mm?Hg in patients aged ?60 years without diabetes mellitus or chronic kidney disease. The evidence from cohort studies supporting this change was sparse, particularly among US minority populations. In the Northern Manhattan Study, 1750 participants aged ?60 years and free of stroke, diabetes mellitus, and chronic kidney disease had SBP measured at baseline and were annually followed up for incident stroke. Mean age at baseline was 72±8 years, 63% were women, 48% Hispanic, 25% non-Hispanic white, and 25% non-Hispanic black. Among all participants, 40% were on antihypertensive medications; 43% had SBP <140 mm?Hg, 20% had 140 to 149 mm?Hg, and 37% had ?150 mm?Hg. Over a median follow-up of 13 years, 182 participants developed stroke. The crude stroke incidence was greater among individuals with SBP?150 mm?Hg (10.8 per 1000 person-years) and SBP 140 to 149 (12.3) than among those with SBP<140 (6.2). After adjusting for demographics, vascular risk factors, diastolic BP, and medication use, participants with SBP 140 to 149 mm?Hg had an increased risk of stroke (hazard ratio, 1.7; 95% confidence interval, 1.2-2.6) compared with those with SBP <140 mm?Hg. The increased stroke risk was most notable among Hispanics and non-Hispanic blacks. Raising the SBP threshold from 140 to 150 mm?Hg as a new target for hypertension treatment in older individuals without diabetes mellitus or chronic kidney disease could have a detrimental effect on stroke risk reduction, especially among minority US populations.
| S-EPMC4752407 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Patients with chronic renal disease are at increased risk for the development of cardiovascular disease, which is the main cause of death in this growing population. Among the risk factors involved, hypertension and proteinuria are major contributors to kidney damage and, if not controlled, may eventually lead to the progression of renal failure and end-stage renal disease. Both proteinuria and hypertension can be primary pathologic events or can appear as complications of other disease processes. Initially, these two factors may operate separately but, as progression ensues, both processes generally combine, potentiating their effects and hastening renal damage. Therefore, strategies to reduce blood pressure and proteinuria are essential in order to slow the worsening of many nephropathies. Therapies that target the renin-angiotensin system offer particular benefit, as hypertension and proteinuria can be precisely reduced with angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors and/or angiotensin receptor blockers. However, with this intervention, plasma renin activity remains high, and although primary endpoints may be controlled, elevated renin concentration can contribute to cardiovascular damage. Aliskiren, a direct renin inhibitor, is the first example of a novel class of antihypertensive drugs with potent antiproteinuric effects, which, alone or combined, can contribute to delaying the progression of kidney disease.
| S-EPMC3108787 | biostudies-other
Project description:BackgroundThe landmark Antihypertensive and Lipid-Lowering treatment to prevent Heart Attack Trial (ALLHAT) placed a new spotlight on thiazide diuretics as the first-line therapy for hypertension. This is concerning as thiazide-diuretics may contribute to comorbidities associated with the current epidemic of obesity. Previous randomized clinical trials have linked thiazide diuretic treatment to insulin resistance, metabolic syndrome, and increased incidence of type 2 diabetes.MethodsThis proof of concept, longitudinal, randomized, double-blind study evaluated the effects of the angiotensin II receptor blocker Valsartan and the specific thiazide diuretic Hydrochlorothiazide (HCTZ) on hepatic triglyceride level (primary outcome), as well as triglyceride levels within other organs including the heart, skeletal muscle, and pancreas. Additionally, we evaluated whether myocardial function, insulin sensitivity, and insulin secretion were affected by these treatments.ResultsHepatic TG levels increased by 57% post HCTZ treatment: ∆hTG HCTZ = 4.12% and remained unchanged post Valsartan treatment: ∆hTG V = 0.06%. The elevation of hepatic TG levels after HCTZ treatment was additionally accompanied by a reduction in insulin sensitivity: ∆SI HCTZ = -1.14. Treatment with Valsartan resulted in improved insulin sensitivity: ∆SI V = 1.24. Treatment-induced changes in hepatic TG levels and insulin sensitivity were statistically significant between groups (phTG = 0.0098 and pSI = 0.0345 respectively). Disposition index, DI, remained unchanged after HCTZ treatment: ∆DI HCTZ = -141 but it was increased by a factor of 2 after treatment with Valsartan: ∆DI V =1018). However, the change between groups was not statistically significant. Both therapies did not modify abdominal visceral and subcutaneous fat mass as well as myocardial structure and function. Additionally, myocardial, pancreatic, and skeletal muscle triglyceride deposits remained unchanged in both therapeutic arms.ConclusionsOur findings are two-fold and relate to hepatic steatosis and insulin sensitivity. HCTZ treatment worsened hepatic steatosis measured as hepatic triglyceride content and reduced insulin sensitivity. Valsartan treatment did not affect hepatic triglyceride levels and improved insulin sensitivity. The results of this study reinforce the message that in patients at risk for type 2 diabetes it is particularly important to choose an antihypertensive regimen that lowers blood pressure without exacerbating patient's metabolic profile.
| S-EPMC3711837 | biostudies-literature
Project description:This randomized, parallel-group study in patients inadequately controlled on olmesartan medoxomil/amlodipine (OLM/AML) 40/10 mg assessed the effects of adding hydrochlorothiazide (HCTZ) 12.5 mg and 25 mg, using seated blood pressure (SeBP) measurements and ambulatory blood pressure (BP) monitoring. Enrolled patients were screened and tapered off of therapy if required. All patients received OLM/AML 40/10 mg and those with mean seated BP (SeBP) ≥140/90 mm Hg after 8 weeks (n=808) were randomized (1:1:1) to continue with OLM/AML 40/10 mg or receive OLM/AML/HCTZ 40/10/12.5 or 40/10/25 mg for a further 8 weeks. The primary endpoint was the change in seated diastolic BP (SeDBP) from the start to the end of the randomized treatment period. The addition of HCTZ 25 mg significantly reduced SeDBP (-2.8 mm Hg; P<.0001), lowered seated systolic BP (SeSBP) and ambulatory DBP and SBP, and improved BP goal rates. In patients uncontrolled on OLM/AML 40/10 mg, adding HCTZ led to further BP reductions, particularly in ambulatory BP.
| S-EPMC5034748 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Thiazides and ?-blockers cause adverse metabolic effects (AMEs), but whether these effects share predictors with blood pressure (BP) response is unknown. We aimed to determine whether AMEs are correlated with BP response in uncomplicated hypertensives.In a multicenter, open-label, parallel-group trial, we enrolled 569 persons, aged 17-65, with random assignment to 9 weeks of daily hydrochlorothiazide (HCTZ) or atenolol monotherapy, followed by 9 weeks of add-on therapy with the alternate agent. Measurements included home BP, averaged over 1 week, weight and fasting levels of serum glucose, low-density lipoprotein (LDL), high-density lipoprotein (HDL), triglycerides, and uric acid (UA) before and after monotherapy and after add-on therapy.Increases in UA correlated with reductions in systolic BP (SBP) (r = -0.18; P = 0.003) and diastolic BP (DBP) (r = -0.20; P = 0.001) following HCTZ monotherapy and add-on therapy (r = -0.27 and r = -0.21, respectively; both P < 0.001). After adjustment for age, race, gender, and baseline body mass index (BMI), only the correlation between UA and DBP response became nonsignificant. Reductions in HDL correlated with systolic response following atenolol monotherapy (r = 0.18; P = 0.002) and with systolic and diastolic response following add-on therapy (r = 0.30 and r = 0.24, respectively; both P < 0.0001). These correlations remained significant after covariate adjustment. BP responses were not correlated with changes in glucose, LDL, triglycerides, or weight following either therapy.BP response correlated with changes in UA following HCTZ therapy and HDL following atenolol therapy. No other significant correlations were observed between BP response and AMEs, suggesting that these effects generally do not share predictors. Patients should be monitored for AMEs, regardless of BP response.
| S-EPMC3288583 | biostudies-literature
Project description:The authors conducted a study to assess the effects of yoga on blood pressure (BP). Patients were randomized to yoga (Blood Pressure Education Program [BPEP]), or a combined program (COMBO). Ambulatory BP was measured at baseline and at 12 and 24 weeks. Data are presented for all enrolled patients (n=137) and for completers only (n=90). Systolic BP (SBP) and diastolic BP (DBP) were significantly decreased within all groups at 12 and 24 weeks (P<.001) for enrolled patients and completers. SBP was significantly reduced in the yoga and COMBO groups as compared with the BPEP group at 12 weeks in all enrolled and completers. SBP differences were no longer significant at 24 weeks between groups in all enrolled patients; however, there was a greater reduction in SBP at 24 weeks in completers favoring BPEP over yoga. No differences in DBP between groups or in BP between the yoga and COMBO groups were present. The authors did not observe an additive benefit from combining yoga with BPEP measures. Reasons for this are unclear at this time. BP lowering with yoga, however, was similar to that achieved with lifestyle measures.
| S-EPMC8032101 | biostudies-literature