Positive Airway Pressure Therapy in Sleep-Disordered Breathing.
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ABSTRACT:
SUBMITTER: Raphelson JR
PROVIDER: S-EPMC8116368 | biostudies-literature |
REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature
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Project description:BACKGROUND:Bariatric surgery patients are vulnerable to sleep-disordered breathing (SDB) early after recovery from surgery and anesthesia. The authors hypothesized that continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) improves postoperative oxygenation and SDB and mitigates opioid-induced respiratory depression. METHODS:In a randomized crossover trial, patients after bariatric surgery received 30% oxygen in the postanesthesia care unit (PACU) under two conditions: atmospheric pressure and CPAP (8 to 10?cm H2O). During 1?h of each treatment, breathing across cortical arousal states was analyzed using polysomnography and spirometry. Arousal state and respiratory events were scored in accordance with American Academy of Sleep Medicine guidelines. Data on opioid boluses in the PACU were collected. The primary and secondary outcomes were the apnea hypopnea index (AHI) and apnea after self-administration of opioids in the PACU. Linear mixed model analysis was used to compare physiologic measures of breathing. RESULTS:Sixty-four percent of the 33 patients with complete postoperative polysomnography data demonstrated SDB (AHI greater than 5/h) early after recovery from anesthesia. CPAP treatment decreased AHI (8?±?2/h vs. 25?±?5/h, P < 0.001), decreased oxygen desaturations (5?±?10/h vs. 16?±?20/h, P < 0.001), and increased the mean oxygen saturation by 3% (P = 0.003). CPAP significantly decreased the respiratory-depressant effects observed during wakefulness-sleep transitions without affecting hemodynamics. The interaction effects between CPAP treatment and opioid dose for the dependent variables AHI (P < 0.001), inspiratory flow (P = 0.002), and minute ventilation (P = 0.015) were significant. CONCLUSIONS:This pharmacophysiologic interaction trial shows that supervised CPAP treatment early after surgery improves SDB and ameliorates the respiratory-depressant effects of opioids without undue hemodynamic effects.
| S-EPMC5321128 | biostudies-literature
Project description:BackgroundRight-heart dysfunction is associated with poor prognosis in heart failure with preserved left ventricular ejection fraction (HFpEF). It remains unclear whether sleep-disordered breathing (SDB) treatment using positive airway pressure (PAP) improves right-heart and pulmonary function and exercise capacity and reduces mortality rates of HFpEF patients.HypothesisPAP may improve right-heart and pulmonary function, exercise capacity and prognosis in HFpEF patients with SDB.MethodsOne hundred nine consecutive patients with HFpEF (left ventricular ejection fraction >50%) and moderate to severe SDB (apnea-hypopnea index ≥15/h) treated with medications were divided into 2 groups: 31 patients with PAP (PAP group) and 78 patients without PAP (non-PAP group). Right ventricular fractional area change (RV-FAC), tricuspid valve regurgitation pressure gradient (TR-PG), tricuspid valve E/E', forced expiratory volume in 1 second/forced vital capacity (FEV1 /FVC), percentage of vital capacity, and peak VO2 were determined before and 6 months later, and all-cause mortality was followed up for 916 days.ResultsAll parameters improved in the PAP group (RV-FAC, 36.0% -46.5%; TR-PG, 31.1 mm Hg-22.4 mm Hg; tricuspid valve E/E', 7.8-5.1; FEV1 /FVC, 83.9%-89.8%; percentage of vital capacity, 83.5%-89.9%; and peak VO2 , 16.6 mL/kg/min-19.6 mL/kg/min; P <0.05, respectively) but not in the non-PAP group. Importantly, all-cause mortality was significantly lower in the PAP group than in the non-PAP group (0% vs 12.8%; log-rank P = 0.014).ConclusionsPositive airway pressure improves right-heart and pulmonary function and exercise capacity and may reduce all-cause mortality in patients with HFpEF and SDB.
| S-EPMC6710995 | biostudies-literature
Project description:BackgroundCardiac troponins are highly sensitive and specific biomarkers for cardiac injury. Previous studies evaluating the effect of positive airway pressure (PAP) on cardiac troponins in patients with sleep-disordered breathing (SDB) have yielded conflicting results. The meta-analysis was performed to examine the effect of PAP on cardiac troponins in SDB patients.MethodsPubMed, Web of Science, and EMBASE before September 2021 on original English language studies were searched. The data on cardiac troponins in both baseline and post-PAP treatment were extracted from all studies. The data on the change of cardiac troponins in both PAP and control group were extracted from randomized controlled trials. Standardized mean difference (SMD) was used to synthesize quantitative results.ResultsA total of 11 studies were included. PAP treatment was not associated with a significant change in cardiac troponin T between the baseline and post-PAP treatment (SMD = -0.163, 95% confidence interval [CI] = -0.652 to 0.326, z = 0.65, p = .514). The pooled estimate of SMD of cardiac troponin I between the pre- and post-PAP treatment was 0.287, and the 95% CI was -0.586 to 1.160 (z = 0.64, p = .519). The pooled SMD of change of cardiac troponin T between the PAP group and control group was -0.473 (95% CI = -1.198 to 0.252, z = 1.28, p = .201).ConclusionsThis meta-analysis revealed that PAP treatment was not associated with any change of cardiac troponin in SDB patients.
| S-EPMC9045066 | biostudies-literature
Project description:PurposeTo evaluate the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on non-invasive positive airway pressure (PAP) usage among children with sleep-disordered breathing (SDB).MethodsPAP usage data in children with SDB aged 1 to 18 years old at The Hospital for Sick Children, Canada, were analyzed. The PAP usage data were recorded for 3 months prior to and 3 months following the COVID-19 lockdown in Ontario, Canada. The primary outcomes of interest were (i) percentage of days that PAP was used for ≥ 4 h and (ii) average daily usage of PAP based on days when PAP was used.ResultsA total of 151 children were included. The mean (± SD) age and BMI were 12.6 ± 4.1 years and 28.7 ± 12.4 kg/m2, respectively. The median (IQR) percentage of days of PAP usage for ≥ 4 h and average nightly PAP usage was significantly higher during compared with prior to the pandemic (76.7 [19.0-94.0] vs 62.0 [15.5-89.0]%, p = 0.02, and 406.0 [244.0-525.0] vs 367.0 [218.0-496.0] min, p = 0.006, respectively). Within this cohort, 95/151 (63%) children with SDB showed increased PAP usage and 56/151 (37%) either decreased the amount of time they used PAP or stopped PAP use altogether.ConclusionsCOVID-19 pandemic has provided opportunities for increased PAP usage in a significant number of children with SDB. A subset of children with prior evidence for suboptimal PAP usage showed further decreases in PAP usage during the pandemic. This information is critical for clinicians to provide anticipatory guidance to encourage PAP usage both during the pandemic and beyond.
| S-EPMC8187134 | biostudies-literature
Project description:To study the acute effect of the new SensAwake CPAP modality (reducing pressure on awakenings) on wake after sleep onset (WASO) and other polysomnographic measures in patients with obstructive sleep apnea (OSA).Randomized crossover trial comparing an automatic continuous positive airway pressure device (AutoCPAP) with and without SensAwake on sleep architecture. CPAP naive patients received each therapy for a single night in the laboratory with at least 1-week washout. Both patients' and technicians' subjective satisfaction was assessed. Pressure data measured and stored by the AutoCPAP device were also analyzed.OSA was controlled adequately by both modes (SensAwake ON apnea hypopnea index ± SD, AHI = 5.3 ± 5.6/h vs. SensAwake OFF = 5.4 ± 5.8, p = 0.9) in the 42 patients who completed the protocol. Mean and 90% pressures were significantly lower with SensAwake (mean ON = 6.9 ± 1.9 vs. OFF = 7.7 ± 2.5 cm H(2)O, p < 0.05; 90% pressure ON = 9.6 ± 2.7 vs. OFF = 10.6 ± 2.7 cm H(2)O, p < 0.02). SensAwake did not improve WASO (ON = 74 ± 54 min vs. OFF = 78 ± 51 min, p = 0.6). There were no differences in other sleep architecture measures or patient satisfaction between the 2 modalities. AutoCPAP-measured AHI closely approximated PSG-derived (ROC AUC = 0.81 [95% CI 0.71-0.92], p = 0.0001).SensAwake provides similar control of the AHI to the standard AutoCPAP mode but does so at lower mean and 90% pressures. However, no measure of sleep architecture was significantly improved by the SensAwake mode during this initial acute exposure. The internal AutoCPAP AHI detection and calculation was similar to PSG-derived AHI measures. Longer term studies are needed to evaluate any long-term influence of SensAwake on WASO.
| S-EPMC3113964 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Objective:The role of sleep architecture in consolidation of memory has not been extensively investigated. In this study, the association of continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) and sleep architecture and quality, and sleep disordered breathing on changes in memory are explored during the course of a 6 month clinical trial of CPAP or sham CPAP (APPLES). Methods:848 participants had polysomnographic and memory assessments (Buschke Selective Reminding Test [Buschke] and Digit Symbol Substitution Test [DSST]) at baseline, CPAP/Sham CPAP titration, and the 2 and 6 month time points. Half were assigned to the CPAP and Sham CPAP groups respectively. Changes in performance on the Buschke and the DSST were analyzed over the course of the study between CPAP and Sham CPAP as well as in relationship to changes in sleep architecture, sleep quality and sleep disordered breathing (SDB). Results:Sleep architecture, sleep quality and SDB improved in the CPAP group at 6 months; performance on the Buschke and DSST improved equally in both CPAP and Sham CPAP groups. There also were no significant correlations between changes in the amount or percentage of sleep stages between baseline and the 6 months, and corresponding changes in either the Buschke or the DSST. However, when stratified by the upper quartile and lower 3 quartiles, greater changes in the Buschke occurred over 6 months in the top quartile of total sleep time (5.7±7.3 vs. 4.0±6.8, p?0.01) and amount of N3 sleep (55.9±7.7 vs. 53.6±8.9 min, p?0.01). Those with more %N3 at 6 months scored better on the Buschke as well (55.9±7.8 vs. 53.6±8.9, p?0.01). Borderline improvement in the DSST over 6 months was observed in the top quartiles of amount of N3 and %N3. Those in the top quartile of the amount of REM and %REM also showed greater improvement in the Buschke after 6 months. No differences were observed for the AHI, but those in the top quartile of oxygen desaturation had worse scores on the Buschke at 6 months. CPAP/Sham CPAP adherence did not impact 6 month Buschke or DSST performance. Conclusions:CPAP improved long-term sleep duration, quality and architecture, but did not memory. However, large changes in REM and N3 sleep as well as moderate amounts of nocturnal hypoxemia are associated with changes in assessments of memory.
| S-EPMC6361302 | biostudies-literature
Project description:The authors examined magnitude/variability of residual sleep disordered breathing (SDB) at pressures around the therapeutic continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP), and described a multinight approach to CPAP titration/retitration consisting of recording airflow and summarizing SDB over multiple nights at multiple pressures and choosing an optimal pressure from these summarized data.Prospective, single-center nonblinded study.Ten female/18 male patients with obstructive sleep apnea-hypopnea syndrome (OSAHS) (respiratory disturbance index [RDI] 67/h), 17 newly-initiated, 11 chronic CPAP users.A custom CPAP device (Fisher & Paykel Healthcare) recording airflow and pre-programmed to vary CPAP between 2-3 cm H2O below and 1-2 cm H2O above prescription pressure as determined by a full laboratory titration.Airflow and pressure continuously recorded for multiple nights (15.9 ± 5.1 nights) at four to seven different pressures in each patient. SDB events manually scored from the airflow as apnea (airflow reduction > 90%), hypopnea (airflow reduction > 30% lasting 10 to 120 sec with inspira-tory flow limitation [IFL]) and runs of sustained IFL > 2 min identified. RDI = (apnea + hypopnea)/total sleep time calculated for each night and an obstruction index, including sustained IFL, also was calculated. PressureMultinight was obtained for each patient from multiple nights of data using two mathematical techniques. Night-to-night variability of SDB indices was low in some patients and significant in others. PressureMultinight could be determined in 17 of 28 patients and was similar to the in-laboratory pressure.This study showed that recording multiple nights of CPAP airflow in the home and analyzing these data for residual SDB provided useful information, including the possibility of determining a therapeutic prescription for fixed CPAP in most patients and identification of others with significant physiologic variability of SDB.
| S-EPMC3595181 | biostudies-other
Project description:Sleep disordered breathing (SDB) is highly prevalent among patients with cardiovascular disease (CVD), and the relationship between SDB and CVD may be bidirectional. However, SDB remains underdiagnosed and undertreated. One of the major barriers identified by cardiologists is lack of satisfaction with SDB therapy. This situation could be the result of the discordance between treatment and the pathophysiological characteristics of SDB. This condition is caused by multiple pathophysiological mechanisms, which could be classified into upper airway anatomic compromise, pharyngeal dilator muscle dysfunction, and ventilatory control instability. However, the effective treatment of SDB remains limited, and positive airway pressure therapy is still the mainstay of the treatment. Therefore, we review the pathophysiological characteristics of SDB in this article, and we propose to provide individualized treatment of SDB based on the underlying mechanism. This approach requires further study but could potentially improve adherence and success of therapy.
| S-EPMC4506311 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Obstructive sleep-disordered breathing (SDB), which includes primary snoring through to obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS), may cause compromise of respiratory gas exchange during sleep, related to transient upper airway narrowing disrupting ventilation, and causing oxyhemoglobin desaturation and poor sleep quality. SDB is common in chronic disorders and has significant implications for health. With prevalence rates globally increasing, this condition is causing a substantial burden on health care costs. Certain populations, including people with sickle cell disease (SCD), exhibit a greater prevalence of OSAS. A review of the literature provides the available normal polysomnography and oximetry data for reference and documents the structural upper airway differences between those with and without OSAS, as well as between ethnicities and disease states. There may be differences in craniofacial development due to atypical growth trajectories or extramedullary hematopoiesis in anemias such as SCD. Studies involving MRI of the upper airway illustrated that OSAS populations tend to have a greater amount of lymphoid tissue, smaller airways, and smaller lower facial skeletons from measurements of the mandible and linear mental spine to clivus. Understanding the potential relationship between these anatomical landmarks and OSAS could help to stratify treatments, guiding choice towards those which most effectively resolve the obstruction. OSAS is relatively common in SCD populations, with hypoxia as a key manifestation, and sequelae including increased risk of stroke. Combatting any structural defects with appropriate interventions could reduce hypoxic exposure and consequently reduce the risk of comorbidities in those with SDB, warranting early treatment interventions.
| S-EPMC7667585 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Study objectivesAdherence to positive airway pressure (PAP) therapy for obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) remains a challenge in children. We hypothesized that the presence of another family member on PAP therapy (parent, sibling, other family member) would be associated with better adherence in the child.MethodsWe conducted a retrospective chart review to identify children < 18 years of age who had a new diagnosis of OSA between Jan 2011 and May 2013. Outcomes were objective PAP adherence at 1 week, 1 month, and 3 months. Potential predictors included family member on PAP therapy, patient demographics, and clinical characteristics. Group differences between children with and without a family member on PAP therapy were determined using χ(2) test and Wilcoxon two-sample test. PAP adherence measures at each time point and patterns of change across time between the two groups were examined using mixed-effects models.ResultsThe final analytic sample included 56 children: age 13.2 ± 3.7 years, 60% male, 67% African American, 65% obese, and 32% with developmental disabilities. The mean obstructive apnea-hypopnea index was 25.2 ± 28.7, and 19 (33%) had a family member on PAP therapy. Overall PAP adherence was 2.8 ± 2.4 h/night at 3 months. At month 3, the group with a family member on PAP therapy had significantly greater average nightly PAP use on all nights (3.6 ± 0.6 vs. 2.3 ± 0.39) and on nights used (4.8 ± 0.6 vs. 3.8 ± 0.40); (p value = 0.04).ConclusionsOverall PAP adherence was low, but having a family member on PAP therapy as a "role model" was associated with better adherence.CommentaryA commentary on this article appears in this issue on page 941.
| S-EPMC4918996 | biostudies-literature