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Levels of Polychlorinated Dibenzo-p-Dioxins/Furans (PCDD/Fs) and Dioxin-Like Polychlorinated Biphenyls (DL-PCBs) in Human Breast Milk in Chile: A Pilot Study.

ABSTRACT: Persistent organic pollutants (POPs) are organic compounds that resist biochemical degradation, moving long distances across the atmosphere before deposition occurs. Our goal was to provide up-to-date data on the levels of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins/furans (PCDD/Fs) and dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls (DL-PCBs) in breast milk from Chilean women and to estimate the exposure of infants due to breast milk consumption. In Chile, we conducted a cross-sectional study based on methodologies proposed by the WHO, with a sample of 30 women recruited from three defined areas: 10 from the Arica Region (urban; Arica and Parinacota Region), 10 from Coltauco (rural; O'Higgins Region), and 10 from Molina (40% rural; Maule Region). High-resolution gas chromatography coupled with high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRGC/HRMS) was performed on pooled samples from each area. We calculated equivalent toxic concentrations (WHO-TEQ) based on the current WHO Toxic Equivalency Factors (TEF). The minimum and maximum values of ∑ PCDDs/Fs + DL-PCBs-TEQ were 4.317 pg TEQ/g fat in Coltauco and 6.31 pg TEQ/g fat in Arica. Molina had a total TEQ of 5.50 pg TEQ/g fat. The contribution of PCDD/Fs was approximately five-fold higher than that of DL-PCBs. The Estimated Daily Intake (EDI) of ∑ PCDDs/Fs + DL-PCBs based on the three pooled samples ranged between 6.71 and 26.28 pg TEQ/kg body weight (bw)/day, with a mean intake of 16.11 (±6.71) pg TEQ/kg bw/day in breastfed children from 0 to 24 months old. These levels were lower than those reported in international studies. Despite the fact that the observed levels were low compared to those in most industrialized countries, the detection of a variety of POPs in breast milk from Chilean women indicates the need for follow-up studies to determine whether such exposures during childhood could represent a health risk in adulthood.

SUBMITTER: Foerster C

PROVIDER: S-EPMC8125136 | biostudies-literature |

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Project description:High-fat food intake is the main source of dioxin-like compounds for humans, such as consumption of meat, dairy and eggs, and seafood products. Fruits, vegetables, and cereals have relatively low levels of dioxin-like compounds, but because of high consumption they also contribute to the food-borne intake. It is necessary to clarify dietary dioxin exposure affected by different food contamination levels and dietary habits among different geographic areas. We aimed to evaluate chronic dietary PCDD/Fs and DL-PCBs exposure in 725 individual foods in 14 categories in 6 Taiwan air quality regions (AQRs) and a total of 2441 foods from 2004 to 2018. We estimated daily PCDD/Fs + DL-PCBs intake on the basis of sex- and age-specific foodstuff ingestion rate and PCDD/Fs+ DL-PCBs concentrations using a probabilistic approach. PCDD/F+ DL-PCB levels among the different sampling periods exhibited a decreasing trend in fish and aquatic products (from 0.384 ± 0.764 to 0.206±0.223pgWHO05-TEQg-1 w.w.) (p for trend=0.043), livestock products (from 0.133±0.298 to 0.035±0.043 pgWHO05-TEQ g-1 w.w.), eggs (from 0.221 ± 0.373 to 0.056 ± 0.048 pgWHO05-TEQ g-1 w.w.) (p for trend = 0.002), and dairy samples (from 0.066 ± 0.075 to 0.024 ± 0.026 pgWHO05-TEQ g-1 w.w.) (p for trend= 0.001). All lifetime average daily doses (LADD) were below provisional tolerable monthly intake (PTMI) but higher than the TWI for PCDD/Fs and DL-PCBs in food. The percentages of the contribution of each food group to the total dietary intake of TEQPCDD/F+PCB in different ambient air dispersion areas and age groups. The total daily intake of PCDD/Fs and DL-PCBs by Taiwanese differed between AQRs (0.188-0.397 pgWHO05-TEQ kg-1 b.w. day-1). The observed geographical variations were likely due to differences in food habits, cuisines, culture and levels of environmental contamination among various regions in Taiwan. By sensitivity analysis, we have identified the major contribution to LADD, which was the dioxin levels in marine fish, fresh water fish and fish related products, and followed by dioxin levels in duck eggs. In addition, marine and freshwater fish consumption rate accounts more than 10.2%. These major exposure variables was also consistent with the findings of total daily intake in different AQRs.

Dataset Information

Levels of Polychlorinated Dibenzo-p-Dioxins/Furans (PCDD/Fs) and Dioxin-Like Polychlorinated Biphenyls (DL-PCBs) in Human Breast Milk in Chile: A Pilot Study.

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