A Salivary Odorant-Binding Protein Mediates Nilaparvata lugens Feeding and Host Plant Phytohormone Suppression.
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ABSTRACT:
SUBMITTER: Liu H
PROVIDER: S-EPMC8125829 | biostudies-literature |
REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature
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Project description:Nilaparvata lugens, the brown planthopper (BPH) sucks the rice phloem sap containing high sucrose to obtain carbon source. The comparative gene expression analyses were perfomed during feeding against starvation in order to determine sugar transporter and other feeding related gene expression.
2015-04-22 | GSE68096 | GEO
Project description:BackgroundOdorant binding proteins (OBPs) play important roles in insect olfaction. The brown planthopper (BPH), Nilaparvata lugens Stål (Delphacidae, Auchenorrhyncha, Hemiptera) is one of the most important rice pests. Its monophagy (only feeding on rice), wing form (long and short wing) variation, and annual long distance migration (seeking for rice plants of high nutrition) imply that the olfaction would play a central role in BPH behavior. However, the olfaction related proteins have not been characterized in this insect.Methodology/principal findingsFull length cDNA of three OBPs were obtained and distinct expression profiles were revealed regarding to tissue, developmental stage, wing form and gender for the first time for the species. The results provide important clues in functional differentiation of these genes. Binding assays with 41 compounds demonstrated that NlugOBP3 had markedly higher binding ability and wider binding spectrum than the other two OBPs. Terpenes and Ketones displayed higher binding while Alkanes showed no binding to the three OBPs. Focused on NlugOBP3, RNA interference experiments showed that NlugOBP3 not only involved in nymph olfaction on rice seedlings, but also had non-olfactory functions, as it was closely related to nymph survival.ConclusionsNlugOBP3 plays important roles in both olfaction and survival of BPH. It may serve as a potential target for developing behavioral disruptant and/or lethal agent in N. lugens.
| S-EPMC3235172 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Nilaparvata lugens, the brown planthopper (BPH) sucks the rice phloem sap containing high sucrose to obtain carbon source. The comparative gene expression analyses were perfomed during feeding against starvation in order to determine sugar transporter and other feeding related gene expression. Young BPH females that feed rice seedlings or feed-deprived (water-supplied) for 24 hours were prepared in triplicate. Gene expression was compared in these two groups: feeding and feed-deprived.
2015-04-22 | E-GEOD-68096 | biostudies-arrayexpress
Project description:Drought stress greatly impacts insect development and population growth. Some studies have demonstrated increased reproductive capacity in drought-stressed insects; however, physiological changes in the brown planthopper (BPH), Nilaparvata lugens (Stål), during periods of drought are unclear. In this study, BPH fed on drought- stressed rice had lower population numbers than BPH feeding on non-stressed rice. Water content, osmotic pressure of hemolymph and total amino acid content of BPH were significantly lower when BPH fed on drought-stressed rice compared to the non-stressed control; however, glucose content and glutathione S-transferase (GST) activity were significantly higher in BPH fed on drought-stressed rice. The expression of Vitellogenin and Exuperantia in BPH fed on drought-stressed rice was higher than that in BPH feeding on non-stressed control plants. The size of myofibrils and the abundance of mitochondria in BPH flight muscles were significantly lower in BPH fed on drought-stressed rice compared to non-stressed plants. These results indicate that water management impacts the physiology of BPH, which may be useful in understanding the relationship between drought stress and this damaging herbivore.
| S-EPMC9028574 | biostudies-literature
Project description:The vanilloid-type transient receptor potential (TRPV) channel is reported to be the molecular target of the commercial insecticide pymetrozine, which specifically disrupts the feeding of plant sap-sucking insects. However, the functions of TRPV channels in plant sap-sucking insects have not been fully elucidated. In the present study, RNA interference was used to investigate the effects of the knockdown of TRPV genes (Nan and Iav) on the mortality, locomotion, and feeding behavior of an important plant-feeding insect pest in rice, the brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens. Injecting dsRNA of Nan and Iav into fourth-instar nymphs significantly knocked down the target genes. The injection of dsNan or dsIav did not affect any morphological phenotype (including leg extension) of N. lugens nymphs and adults. Knockdown of Nan or Iav resulted in significantly decreased climbing activity against top plants but did not influence the leg-griping strength of adults. Knockdown of Nan resulted in a significantly elevated mortality of N. lugens in the observation period of 7 d after injection, whereas no significant difference in survival rates 7 d after injection was found between dsIav-injected and dsGFP-injected insects. Electropenetrographic (EPG) recordings indicated that knockdown of Nan and Iav reduced the ingestion activity in the rice phloem tissues of N. lugens. Knockdown of Nan and Iav significantly reduced the amount of honeydew excreted by N. lugens. Our findings indicated a relationship between TRPV and N. lugens locomotion and feeding behavior, which may help to fully elucidate the functions of TRPV in insects.
| S-EPMC7022682 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Tomato plants are attacked by diverse herbivorous arthropods, including by cell-content-feeding mites, such as the extreme generalist Tetranychus urticae and specialists like Tetranychus evansi and Aculops lycopersici. Mite feeding induces plant defense responses that reduce mite performance. However, T. evansi and A. lycopersici suppress plant defenses via poorly understood mechanisms and, consequently, maintain a high performance on tomato. On a shared host, T. urticae can be facilitated by either of the specialist mites, likely due to the suppression of plant defenses. To better understand defense suppression and indirect plant-mediated interactions between herbivorous mites, we used gene-expression microarrays to analyze the transcriptomic changes in tomato after attack by either a single mite species (T. urticae, T. evansi, A. lycopersici) or two species simultaneously (T. urticae plus T. evansi or T. urticae plus A. lycopersici). Additionally, we assessed mite-induced changes in defense-associated phytohormones using LC-MS/MS. Compared to non-infested controls, jasmonates (JAs) and salicylate (SA) accumulated to higher amounts upon all mite-infestation treatments, but the response was attenuated after single infestations with defense-suppressors. Strikingly, whereas 8 to 10% of tomato genes were differentially expressed upon single infestations with T. urticae or A. lycopersici, respectively, only 0.1% was altered in T. evansi-infested plants. Transcriptome analysis of dual-infested leaves revealed that A. lycopersici primarily suppressed T. urticae-induced JA defenses, while T. evansi dampened T. urticae-triggered host responses on a transcriptome-wide scale. The latter suggests that T. evansi not solely down-regulates plant gene expression, but rather directs it back towards housekeeping levels. Our results provide valuable new insights into the mechanisms underlying host defense suppression and the plant-mediated facilitation of competing herbivores.
| S-EPMC6214137 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Sexual dimorphism and wing polyphenism are important and evolutionarily conserved features of many insect species. In this article, we found a cross-talk linking sexual differentiation with wing polyphenism in the brown planthopper (BPH) Nilaparvata lugens (order: Hemiptera). Knockdown of the sex determination gene Transformer-2 in N. lugens (NlTra-2) in nymph caused females to develop into infertile pseudomales containing undeveloped ovaries. Whereas males treated with dsNlTra-2 exhibited normal morphology, but lost fertility. Knockdown of NlTra-2 in adult females (maternal RNAi) resulted in long-winged female offspring, indicating that maternal RNAi changed the wing morphs in female offspring. In addition, silencing of NlTra-2 down-regulated the expression of the forkhead transcription factor FoxO (NlFoxO), and simultaneously up-regulated the expression of phosphatidylinositol-3-OH kinase (PI(3)K)-protein kinase B (NlAkt), the two critical genes in the insulin signaling pathway. Furthermore, the long-winged effect caused by maternal dsNlTra-2 RNAi could be reversed by silencing of NlInR1 and NlAkt, leading to short-winged morphs. We propose that there is a cross-talk between the sexual differentiation and wing polyphenism pathways mediated by NlTra-2 during embryonic stages.
| S-EPMC5676094 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Adipokinetic hormones (AKHs) are well known to mobilize lipids and carbohydrates for energy-consuming activities in insects. These neuropeptides exert their functions by interacting with AKH receptors (AKHRs) located on the plasma membrane of fat body cells, which regulates energy mobilization by stimulating lipolysis of triacylglycerols (TAG) to diacylglycerols (DAG) and conversion of glycogen into trehalose. Here, we investigated the roles of AKH/AKHR signaling system in trehalose metabolism and vitellogenesis during female reproduction in the brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens. Knockdown of AKHR expression by RNA interference (RNAi) resulted in a decrease of the circulating trehalose in hemolymph and significantly increased levels of two trehalases in fat bodies, indicating that the modulation of hemolymph trehalose levels by AKHR may be mediated by regulating trehalose degradation. In addition, adult females that had been injected with double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) for AKHR exhibited delayed oocyte maturation, prolonged pre-oviposition period, as well as decline in egg number and reduction in fecundity. Considering that these phenotypes resulting from AKHR silencing are similar to those of vitellogenin receptor (VgR) RNAi, we further analyzed a possible connection between AKHR and vitellogenesis. Knockdown of AKHR showed no effects on the Vg synthesis in fat bodies, whereas it significantly reduced the levels of VgR in ovaries. With RNAi-females, we observed an increase of Vg accumulation in hemolymph and a decrease of Vg deposition in ovaries. Moreover, the decrease in VgR expression and Vg incorporation by developing oocytes could be partially rescued by injection of trehalose into AKHR RNAi females. The present study has implicated trehalose in the AKH/AKHR signaling-mediated control of reproduction and provided new insight into mechanisms of AKH/AKHR regulation of trehalose metabolism in insect vitellogenesis, oocyte maturation and fecundity.
| S-EPMC6338042 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Lipid storage must be efficiently mobilized to sustain the energy demands during processes of exercise or starvation. In insects, adipokinetic hormone (AKH) and brummer lipase are well-known regulators of lipid mobilization. We recently demonstrated that brummer-dependent lipolysis regulates starvation resistance in the brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens, one of the most destructive rice pests. The present work investigated the roles of the AKH signaling system in lipid mobilization during the starvation process in N. lugens. NlAKHR is a typical G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) and possesses high structure and sequence similarity to other insect AKHRs. Spatial and developmental expression profiles suggested that NlAKH is released from the corpora cardiaca to activate NlAKHR mainly expressed in the fat body. Starvation significantly induced the expression of NlAKH and NlAKHR, indicating a potential role of the AKH signaling system in starvation resistance. To reveal the functions of the AKH signaling system, a double-stranded RNA (dsRNA)-mediated knockdown of NlAKHR and NlAKH peptide injection was performed. The results show NlAKHR silencing decreased the levels of 1,2-diacylglycerol (DAG) in the hemolymph and increased triacylglycerol (TAG) levels in the fat body, whereas NlAKH injection led to a critical accumulation of DAG in the hemolymph and a severe reduction of TAG content in the fat body. Knockdown of NlAKHR resulted in prolonged lifespan and high levels of whole-body TAG, indicating an inability to mobilize TAG reserves during starvation. Conversely, the NlAKH injection reduced the survival and accelerated TAG mobilization during starvation, which further confirms the role of NlAKH in lipolysis. Moreover, NlAKHR silencing caused obesity in N. lugens, whereas NlAKH injection depleted organismal TAG reserves in vivo and produced a slim phenotype. These results indicate that lipid mobilization is regulated by the AKH signaling system, which is essential for adjusting body lipid homeostasis and ensuring energy supplement during starvation in N. lugens.
| S-EPMC6281999 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Introduction: Brown planthopper (BPH), Nilaparvata lugens Stål (Hemiptera: Delphacidae), is a major rice pest causing significant damage to rice throughout the world. Intensive pesticide usage often causes resistance in these seasonal pests, mainly through the modulation of antioxidant machinery. The superoxide dismutase (SOD) gene family is known for regulating BPH response to pesticides. Methods: In the present study, we identified eight NlSOD genes from the NCBI using the BLASTP program. The bioinformatics analysis includes a phylogenetic tree, conserved domain, motifs, gene ontology (GO) analysis, Kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes (KEGG) pathways, and protein-protein interaction, highlighting the distinctive functional elements of NlSOD genes. Results and discussion: Additionally, the NlSOD genes showed expression in all developmental stages of BPH. Under three sugars (glucose, sucrose, and trehalose) treatment, the respective upregulation of NlSOD8, NlSOD6, and NlSOD2 was noted. The NlSOD1 induced significantly under jinggamycin (JGM) deduced its potential as a key regulator of BPH response to the pesticide. Our study has provided detailed knowledge of the NlSOD gene family in-silico analysis and the defensive response to insecticide and high sugar of BPH. We hope the results of this research will help to shed light on the resistance of BPH towards insecticide toxicity and high sugar and help to control it more efficiently.
| S-EPMC10228653 | biostudies-literature