Watching the days go by: Asymmetric regulation of caterpillar development by changes in photoperiod.
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ABSTRACT:
SUBMITTER: Lindestad O
PROVIDER: S-EPMC8131801 | biostudies-literature |
REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature
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Project description:Outside of the tropics, environmental conditions fluctuate in a generally predictable manner across the year. Many small mammals have evolved mechanisms, such as seasonal breeding and annual adjustments in physiology, morphology, and behavior, that promote winter survival when food is scarce and thermoregulation is challenging. Photoperiod (day length) is a cue used by many seasonal breeders to predict seasonal changes in environmental conditions. One system that is uniquely situated to mediate photoperiod-induced alterations in physiology is the autonomic nervous system (ANS). The 2 branches of the ANS are key regulators of immune responses, thermoregulation, and energy balance, functions that undergo marked shifts in baseline and reactivity following acclimation to short day lengths. Although previous studies have investigated the effects of photoperiod on ANS endpoints, this study examined the direct effects of photoperiod on integrated ANS function. To test the hypothesis that short day lengths increase parasympathetic and sympathetic tones, we maintained adult male Siberian hamsters (Phodopus sungorus) to either long or short photoperiods and then analyzed electrocardiogram recordings. Short day lengths increased both parasympathetic tone, as measured by respiratory sinus arrhythmia, and sympathetic control of the heart, measured with autonomic blockade. Additionally, short day lengths enhanced the withdrawal of parasympathetic control and the increase of sympathetic tone in response to acute restraint stress. Finally, these effects were discovered to be independent of circulating androgens. These data indicate that the ANS of Siberian hamsters undergoes profound changes following prolonged exposure to short winter-like day lengths.
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Project description:Success of modern agriculture relies heavily on breeding of crops with maximal regional adaptability and yield potentials. A major limiting factor for crop cultivation is their flowering time, which is strongly regulated by day length (photoperiod) and temperature. Here we report identification and characterization of Days to heading 7 (DTH7), a major genetic locus underlying photoperiod sensitivity and grain yield in rice. Map-based cloning reveals that DTH7 encodes a pseudo-response regulator protein and its expression is regulated by photoperiod. We show that in long days DTH7 acts downstream of the photoreceptor phytochrome B to repress the expression of Ehd1, an up-regulator of the "florigen" genes (Hd3a and RFT1), leading to delayed flowering. Further, we find that haplotype combinations of DTH7 with Grain number, plant height, and heading date 7 (Ghd7) and DTH8 correlate well with the heading date and grain yield of rice under different photoperiod conditions. Our data provide not only a macroscopic view of the genetic control of photoperiod sensitivity in rice but also a foundation for breeding of rice cultivars better adapted to the target environments using rational design.
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Project description:Bud endodormancy induction response of two genotypes (‘Seyval’ a hybrid white wine grape and V. riparia, PI588259 a native north american species) was compared under long (15h) and short (13h) photoperiod. Three separate replicates (5 plants/replicate) were treated to generate paradormant (LD) and same aged endodormancy-induced (SD) buds for transcriptomic, proteomic and metabolomic analysis. Potted, spur-pruned two to six-year-old vines were removed from cold storage (Seyval 3-19-07; V. riparia 3/26/07) and grown under a LD (15 h) at 25/20 + 3C day/night temperatures (D/N). When vines reached 12-15 nodes (3-25-07) they were randomized into LD or SD treatments with 25/20 + 3C D/N in climate controlled greenhouses with automated photoperiod system (VRE Greenhouse Systems). Three replications (5 vines/replication) were harvested between 5/07-6/07 and then again in 5/08-6/08 for a total of six replications. All treatments are repeated at the same time every year and harvested at the same time of day each year to minimize biological noise. At 1, 3, 7, 14, 21, 28 and 42 days of LD and SD treatment, buds were harvested from nodes 3 to 12 of each separate replicate, immediately frozen in liquid nitrogen, and placed at -80C for future RNA, protein and metabolite extraction. These time points encompass early reversible phases as well as key time points during transition to irreversible endodormancy development. After photoperiod treatments and bud harvests, all pruned vines were returned to LD and monitored for bud endodormancy. The endodormant vines were identified after 28 days and moved to cold storage. The nondormant vines were allowed to grow again and induced into dormancy at a later date. Acknowledgement:This study was funded by NSF Grant DBI0604755 and funds from the South Dakota Agriculture Experiment Station. ****[PLEXdb(http://www.plexdb.org) has submitted this series at GEO on behalf of the original contributor, Anne Fennell. The equivalent experiment is VV10 at PLEXdb.]
2009-08-06 | GSE17502 | GEO
Project description:Bud endodormancy induction response of two genotypes (‘Seyval’ a hybrid white wine grape and V. riparia, PI588259 a native north american species) was compared under long (15h) and short (13h) photoperiod. Three separate replicates (5 plants/replicate) were treated to generate paradormant (LD) and same aged endodormancy-induced (SD) buds for transcriptomic, proteomic and metabolomic analysis. Potted, spur-pruned two to six-year-old vines were removed from cold storage (Seyval 3-19-07; V. riparia 3/26/07) and grown under a LD (15 h) at 25/20 + 3C day/night temperatures (D/N). When vines reached 12-15 nodes (3-25-07) they were randomized into LD or SD treatments with 25/20 + 3C D/N in climate controlled greenhouses with automated photoperiod system (VRE Greenhouse Systems). Three replications (5 vines/replication) were harvested between 5/07-6/07 and then again in 5/08-6/08 for a total of six replications. All treatments are repeated at the same time every year and harvested at the same time of day each year to minimize biological noise. At 1, 3, 7, 14, 21, 28 and 42 days of LD and SD treatment, buds were harvested from nodes 3 to 12 of each separate replicate, immediately frozen in liquid nitrogen, and placed at -80C for future RNA, protein and metabolite extraction. These time points encompass early reversible phases as well as key time points during transition to irreversible endodormancy development. After photoperiod treatments and bud harvests, all pruned vines were returned to LD and monitored for bud endodormancy. The endodormant vines were identified after 28 days and moved to cold storage. The nondormant vines were allowed to grow again and induced into dormancy at a later date. Acknowledgement:This study was funded by NSF Grant DBI0604755 and funds from the South Dakota Agriculture Experiment Station. ****[PLEXdb(http://www.plexdb.org) has submitted this series at GEO on behalf of the original contributor, Anne Fennell. The equivalent experiment is VV10 at PLEXdb.] 84 Samples of two genotypes compared under long and short photoperiod, 3 replicates each. Seyval (SV, Seyve Villard 5-276) : LD, 15h : 1 days (3-replications) Seyval (SV, Seyve Villard 5-276) : LD, 15h : 3 days (3-replications) Seyval (SV, Seyve Villard 5-276) : LD, 15h : 7 days (3-replications) Seyval (SV, Seyve Villard 5-276) : LD, 15h : 14 days (3-replications) Seyval (SV, Seyve Villard 5-276) : LD, 15h : 21 days (3-replications) Seyval (SV, Seyve Villard 5-276) : LD, 15h : 28 days (3-replications) Seyval (SV, Seyve Villard 5-276) : LD, 15h : 42 days (3-replications) Seyval (SV, Seyve Villard 5-276) : SD, 13h : 1 days (3-replications) Seyval (SV, Seyve Villard 5-276) : SD, 13h : 3 days (3-replications) Seyval (SV, Seyve Villard 5-276) : SD, 13h : 7 days (3-replications) Seyval (SV, Seyve Villard 5-276) : SD, 13h : 14 days (3-replications) Seyval (SV, Seyve Villard 5-276) : SD, 13h : 21 days (3-replications) Seyval (SV, Seyve Villard 5-276) : SD, 13h : 28 days (3-replications) Seyval (SV, Seyve Villard 5-276) : SD, 13h : 42 days (3-replications) V. riparia (VR, PI588259) : LD, 15h : 1 days (3-replications) V. riparia (VR, PI588259) : LD, 15h : 3 days (3-replications) V. riparia (VR, PI588259) : LD, 15h : 7 days (3-replications) V. riparia (VR, PI588259) : LD, 15h : 14 days (3-replications) V. riparia (VR, PI588259) : LD, 15h : 21 days (3-replications) V. riparia (VR, PI588259) : LD, 15h : 28 days (3-replications) V. riparia (VR, PI588259) : LD, 15h : 42 days (3-replications) V. riparia (VR, PI588259) : SD, 13h : 1 days (3-replications) V. riparia (VR, PI588259) : SD, 13h : 3 days (3-replications) V. riparia (VR, PI588259) : SD, 13h : 7 days (3-replications) V. riparia (VR, PI588259) : SD, 13h : 14 days (3-replications) V. riparia (VR, PI588259) : SD, 13h : 21 days (3-replications) V. riparia (VR, PI588259) : SD, 13h : 28 days (3-replications) V. riparia (VR, PI588259) : SD, 13h : 42 days (3-replications)
2009-08-05 | E-GEOD-17502 | biostudies-arrayexpress
Project description:Nowadays films occupy a significant portion of the media products consumed by people. In Russia, cinema is being considered as a means of individual and social transformation, which makes a contribution to the formation of the Russian audience's outlook, including their attitudes towards topical social issues. At the same time, the question of the effectiveness of films' impact remains an open question in psychological science. According to the empirical orientation of our approach to the study of mass media influence, our goal was to obtain new data on the positive impact of films based on specific experimental research. The task was to identify changes in the attitudes of young people, as the most active viewers, towards topical social issues after watching a specifically selected film. Using a psychosemantic technique that included 25 scales designed to identify attitudes towards elderly people, respondents evaluated their various characteristics before and after watching the film. Using a number of characteristics related to the motivational, emotional and cognitive spheres, significant changes were revealed. At the same time, significant differences were found in assessments of the elderly between undergraduate students and postgraduate students. After watching the film, postgraduate students' attitudes towards elderly people changed in a positive way, while undergraduate students' negative assessments only worsened. The revealed opposite trends can be explained by individual differences of respondents, which include age, educational status as an indicator of individual psychological characteristics, the experience of interaction with elderly people and, as a result, attitudes towards elderly people at the time before watching the movie. The finding that previous attitudes mediate the impact of the film complements the ideas of the contribution of individual differences to media effects. Most of the changes detected immediately after watching the movie did not remain over time. A single movie viewing did not have a lasting effect on viewers' attitudes, and it suggests the further task of identifying mechanisms of the sustainability of changes.
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Project description:ObjectiveProfessionalism is a critical part of a medical education, and various activities have been proposed to enhance professionalism among medical students. Watching films is an activity to promote character related to professionalism. Limitation of such is a single group pre-posttest design raising concerns about the errors of measurement. The study aimed to demonstrate a method to deal with this design using Rasch analysis.ResultsThis study used a pre-posttest design with 40 first year medical students. All participated in a 3-day activity that involved watching four selected movies: Twilight, Gandhi, The Shawshank Redemption and Amélie. These films offer compelling illustrations of the themes of self-regulation, humility, prudence and gratitude, respectively. All participants completed a 10-item composite scale (PHuSeG) addressing these themes before and after watching the movies. When determining who benefitted from the intervention, paired t-tests on the results of a Rasch analysis were used to evaluate changes between pre- and posttest. Using Rasch analyses, we could document the stability of the items from pre- to posttest, and significant changes at both the individual and group levels, which is a useful and practical approach for pre- and posttest design. Moreover, it helps validate the psychometric property of the instrument used.
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Project description:Associations with gut microbes are believed to play crucial roles in the physiology, immune function, development and behaviour of insects. However, microbiome sequencing has recently suggested that butterflies are an anomaly, because their microbiomes do not show strong host- and developmental stage-specific associations. We experimentally manipulated butterfly larval gut microbiota and found that disrupting gut microbes had little influence on larval survival and development. Larvae of the butterflies Danaus chrysippus and Ariadne merione that fed on chemically sterilized or antibiotic-treated host plant leaves had significantly reduced bacterial loads, and their gut bacterial communities were disrupted substantially. However, neither host species treated this way suffered a significant fitness cost: across multiple experimental blocks, treated and control larvae had similar survival, growth and development. Furthermore, re-introducing microbes from the excreta of control larvae did not improve larval growth and survival. Thus, these butterfly larvae did not appear to rely on specialized gut bacteria for digestion, detoxification, biomass accumulation and metamorphosis. Our experiments thus show that dependence on gut bacteria for growth and survival is not a universal phenomenon across insects. Our findings also caution that strategies which target gut microbiomes may not always succeed in controlling Lepidopteran pests.
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Project description:Flowering time in wheat and barley is known to be modified by mutations in the Photoperiod-1 (Ppd-1) gene. Semi-dominant Ppd-1a mutations conferring an early flowering phenotype are well documented in wheat but gene sequencing has also identified candidate loss of function mutations for Ppd-A1 and Ppd-D1. By analogy to the recessive ppd-H1 mutation in barley, loss of function mutations in wheat are predicted to delay flowering under long day conditions. To test this experimentally, introgression lines were developed in the spring wheat variety 'Paragon'. Plants lacking a Ppd-B1 gene were identified from a gamma irradiated 'Paragon' population. These were crossed with the other introgression lines to generate plants with candidate loss of function mutations on one, two or three genomes. Lines lacking Ppd-B1 flowered 10 to 15 days later than controls under long days. Candidate loss of function Ppd-A1 alleles delayed flowering by 1 to 5 days while candidate loss of function Ppd-D1 alleles did not affect flowering time. Loss of Ppd-A1 gave an enhanced effect, and loss of Ppd-D1 became detectable in lines where Ppd-B1 was absent, indicating effects may be buffered by functional Ppd-1 alleles on other genomes. Expression analysis revealed that delayed flowering was associated with reduced expression of the TaFT1 gene and increased expression of TaCO1. A survey of the GEDIFLUX wheat collection grown in the UK and North Western Europe between the 1940s and 1980s and the A.E. Watkins global collection of landraces from the 1920s and 1930s showed that the identified candidate loss of function mutations for Ppd-D1 were common and widespread, while the identified candidate Ppd-A1 loss of function mutation was rare in countries around the Mediterranean and in the Far East but was common in North Western Europe. This may reflect a possible benefit of the latter in northern locations.
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Project description:Transcriptome analysis has revealed a light-regulated WD (tryptophan and aspartate)-containing protein, LWD1. LWD1 and LWD2 share greater than 90% amino acid sequence homology. The lack of phenotype changes in the lwd1 or lwd2 single mutant implies that the proteins function redundantly. The lwd1lwd2 double mutant, however, has an early flowering phenotype under both long-day (LD) and short-day (SD) conditions. Functional complementation experiment revealed that LWDs are indeed responsible for the defect in photoperiod sensing in lwd1lwd2 double mutant plants. The expression of LWD1 exhibits a diurnal pattern and peaks before dawn. The period length of oscillator (CCA1, LHY, TOC1 and ELF4) and output (CCR2 and CAB2) genes in the lwd1lwd2 double mutant is significantly shorter than that in wild-type Arabidopsis under free running condition. Under entrainment conditions, the expression phase of oscillator (CCA1, LHY, TOC1 and ELF4) and output (GI, FKF1, CDF1, CO and FT) genes shifts ~3 hr forward in the lwd1lwd2 double mutant. Our data indicated that the early flowering phenotype in lwd1lwd2 plants is contributed by the significant phase shift of CO and, therefore, an increased expression of FT before dusk under SD conditions. Our data imply that LWD1/LWD2 proteins function in close proximity to the circadian oscillators for the regulation of photoperiod sensing.
2008-10-08 | GSE11762 | GEO
Project description:To effects of sex maturation in olive flounder by regulating long photoperiod, gonadal development and GTH mRNA expression in the pituitary were investigated. Photoperiod was treated natural photoperiod and long photoperiod (15L:9D) conditions from September 2011 to March 2012. The results showed that natural photoperiodic group showed a higher gonadosomatic index (GSI) than long photoperiodic group during the spawning season (March 2012). The histological analysis of ovarian tissue showed that natural photoperiod group of ovaries contained vitellogenic oocytes, but long photoperiod group of ovaries mainly contained perinucleolus staged oocyte and oil-drop staged oocytes. The FSH mRNA of olive flounder, under natural photoperiod group, showed a significantly higher expression but no significant difference under long photoperiod group. The LH? mRNA showed a significantly higher expression only under natural photoperiod group. These results may suggest that long photoperiodic information regulates secretion of pituitary FSH and LH and maintain early growing stage of gonadal development in this species.
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