Oral Anticoagulant Treatment in Patients with Atrial Fibrillation and Chronic Kidney Disease.
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SUBMITTER: Stoica MC
PROVIDER: S-EPMC8147111 | biostudies-literature |
REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature
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Project description:BACKGROUND:Cardiological societies recommend, in their guidelines, that patients with atrial fibrillation and an intermediate (or higher) risk of stroke and systemic embolization should be treated with oral anticoagulant drugs. For patients who do not have mitral valve stenosis or a mechanical valve prosthesis, non-vitamin-K dependent oral anticoagulants (NOAC) are preferred over vitamin K antagonists (VKA) for this purpose. It is unclear, however, whether patients with chronic kidney disease and atrial fibrillation benefit from oral anticoagulation to the same extent as those with normal kidney function. It is also unclear which of the two types of anti - coagulant drug is preferable for patients with chronic kidney disease; NOAC are, in part, renally eliminated. METHODS:This review is based on pertinent publications retrieved by a selective literature search, and on international guidelines. RESULTS:Current evidence suggests that patients with atrial fibrillation who have chronic kidney disease with a glomerular filtration rate (GFR) above 15 mL/ min/1.73 m² should be treated with an oral anticoagulant drug if they have an at least intermediate risk of embolization, as assessed with the CHA2DS2-VASc score. For patients with advanced chronic kidney disease (GFR from 15 to 29 mL/ min/1.73 m²), however, this recommendation is based only on registry studies. For dialysis patients with atrial fibrillation, decisions whether to give oral anticoagulant drugs should be taken on an individual basis, in view of the elevated risk of hemorrhage and the unclear efficacy of such drugs in these patients. The subgroup analyses of the NOAC approval studies show that, for patients with atrial fibrillation and chronic kidney disease with a creatinine clearance of >25-30 mL/min, NOAC should be given in preference to VKA, as long as the patient does not have mitral valve stenosis or a mechanical valve prosthesis. For those whose creatinine clearance is less than 25 mL/min, the relative merits of NOAC versus VKA are still debated. CONCLUSION:The cardiological societies' recommendation that patients with atrial fibrillation should be given oral anticoagulant drugs applies to the majority of such patients who also have chronic kidney disease.
| S-EPMC5974258 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Background:Direct oral anticoagulants (DOACs) are indicated for prevention of stroke and embolism in patients with nonvalvular atrial fibrillation (NVAF). These agents have been shown to be non-inferior to warfarin in terms of efficacy and safety. However, their uptake in practice has been variable, and prescribed dosages may be inconsistent with manufacturer recommendations. Objectives:To evaluate patterns of oral anticoagulant use in patients with NVAF, including determination of patient characteristics associated with the prescribing of warfarin or DOACs and whether prescribed dosages of DOACs were concordant with manufacturer recommendations. Methods:This retrospective chart review was conducted from April to September 2017 at Abbotsford Regional Hospital, Abbotsford, British Columbia. Patients at least 18 years of age with NVAF and CHADS-65 score of 1 or higher were included. Patients with contraindications to oral anticoagulants, those with reversible atrial fibrillation, and those undergoing renal dialysis were excluded. The dosage of DOACs was categorized as too low, too high, or correct in relation to manufacturer recommendations for the Canadian product. Results:A total of 120 patients were included. At discharge, 83 (69%) of the patients had a prescription for DOAC, 25 (21%) had a prescription for warfarin, and 12 (10%) had no prescription for an oral anticoagulant. There were no statistically significant differences between the warfarin and DOAC groups with respect to patient characteristics. Among the 56 patients for whom a full DOAC dose was indicated, 7 (13%) received a dose that was too low. Among the 23 patients for whom a full DOAC dose was not indicated, 4 (17%) received a dose that was too high. Conclusions:At the study hospital, most patients with NVAF and CHADS-65 score of at least 1 had a discharge prescription for DOAC. Patient characteristics appeared to be similar between the warfarin and DOAC groups. For a notable proportion of patients who received a DOAC, the dosage was incorrect. Appropriate prescribing of oral anticoagulants could be further improved by education for prescribers and involvement of hospital pharmacists.
| S-EPMC6910852 | biostudies-literature
Project description:PurposeAdvanced chronic kidney disease (CKD), including end-stage renal disease (ESRD) on dialysis, increases thromboembolic risk among patients with atrial fibrillation (AF). This study examined the comparative safety and efficacy of direct-acting oral anticoagulant (DOAC) compared to warfarin or no oral anticoagulant (OAC) in AF patients with advanced CKD or ESRD on dialysis.Materials and methodsUsing data from the COmparison study of Drugs for symptom control and complication prEvention of AF (CODE-AF) registry, 260 non-valvular AF patients with advanced CKD (defined as estimated glomerular filtration rate <30 mL/min per 1.73/m²) or ESRD on dialysis were enrolled from June 2016 to July 2020. The study population was categorized into DOAC, warfarin, and no OAC groups; and differences in major or clinically relevant non-major (CRNM) bleeding, stroke/systemic embolism (SE), myocardial infarction/critical limb ischemia (CLI), and death were assessed.ResultsDuring a median 24 months of follow-up, major or CRNM bleeding risk was significantly reduced in the DOAC group compared to the warfarin group [hazard ratio (HR) 0.11, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.01 to 0.93, p=0.043]. In addition, the risk of composite adverse clinical outcomes (major or CRNM bleeding, stroke/SE, myocardial infarction/CLI, and death) was significantly reduced in the DOAC group compared to the no OAC group (HR 0.16, 95% CI 0.03 to 0.91, p=0.039).ConclusionAmong AF patients with advanced CKD or ESRD on dialysis, DOAC was associated with a lower risk of major or CRNM bleeding compared to warfarin and a lower risk of composite adverse clinical outcomes compared to no OAC. ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT02786095).
| S-EPMC9826956 | biostudies-literature
Project description: Not available
| S-EPMC10502439 | biostudies-literature
Project description:AimsSwitching between oral anticoagulants and treatment discontinuation are common events related to therapy with non-vitamin K antagonist oral anticoagulants (NOACs). However, knowledge on the reasons leading to these treatment changes is scarce. The aim of this study was to identify clinical events preceding anticoagulant switching and NOAC discontinuation during oral anticoagulant therapy in patients with atrial fibrillation.Methods and resultsWe performed a nationwide register-based study including Danish atrial fibrillation patients initiating a NOAC between August 2011 and February 2016 (n = 50 623). We explored potential reasons leading to changes in anticoagulant treatment by identifying clinical events preceding switches from vitamin K antagonists (VKA) to NOAC, switches from NOAC to VKA, and discontinuations of NOACs. Among 23 531 anticoagulant users changing treatment, we identified 13 295 switches from VKA to NOAC, 5206 switches from NOAC to VKA, and 8995 discontinuations of NOACs. Approximately half of all treatment changes were preceded by a hospitalization. A relevant specific clinical event or procedure was identified prior to 18.3% of switches from VKA to NOAC, prior to 23.0% of switches from NOAC to VKA, and prior to 26.6% of discontinuations. Switches from VKA to NOAC were most often preceded by thromboembolic events (7.0%), whereas cardioversion was the most common specific event prior to a switch from NOAC to VKA (11.4%). Discontinuations were most often preceded by bleeding events (7.6%).ConclusionFor about one in five patients, treatment changes during anticoagulant therapy were preceded by a major clinical event. However, the majority of patients changed treatment for reasons not recorded in health registries.
| S-EPMC5834049 | biostudies-literature
Project description:ObjectiveTo describe the prevalence of atrial fibrillation (AF) in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA), and to evaluate the proportion of patients with AF receiving guideline-recommended anticoagulation for prevention of stroke, based on data from a large international audit.MethodsThe cohort was derived from the international audit SUrvey of cardiovascular disease Risk Factors in patients with Rheumatoid Arthritis (SURF-RA) which collected data from 17 countries during 2014-2019. We evaluated the prevalence of AF across world regions and explored factors associated with the presence of AF with multivariable logistic regression models. The proportion of AF patients at high risk of stroke (CHA2DS2-VASc ≥ 2 in males and ≥ 3 in females) receiving anticoagulation was examined.ResultsOf the total SURF-RA cohort (n = 14,503), we included RA cases with data on whether the diagnosis of AF was present or not (n = 7,665, 75.1% women, mean (SD) age 58.7 (14.1) years). A total of 288 (3.8%) patients had a history of AF (4.4% in North America, 3.4% in Western Europe, 2.8% in Central and Eastern Europe and 1.5% in Asia). Factors associated with the presence of AF were older age, male sex, atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease, heart failure and hypertension. Two-hundred and fifty-five (88.5%) RA patients had a CHA2DS2-VASc score indicating recommendation for oral anticoagulant treatment, and of them, 164 (64.3%) were anticoagulated.ConclusionGuideline-recommended anticoagulant therapy for prevention of stroke due to AF may not be optimally implemented among RA patients, and requires special attention.
| S-EPMC9479366 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Background and objectivesThe efficacy of adjusted-dose warfarin for prevention of stroke in atrial fibrillation patients with stage 3 chronic kidney disease (CKD) is unknown.Design, setting, participants, & measurementsPatients with stage 3 CKD participating in the Stroke Prevention in Atrial Fibrillation 3 trials were assessed to determine the effect of warfarin anticoagulation on stroke and major hemorrhage, and whether CKD status independently contributed to stroke risk. High-risk participants (n = 1044) in the randomized trial were assigned to adjusted-dose warfarin (target international normalized ratio 2 to 3) versus aspirin (325 mg) plus fixed, low-dose warfarin (subsequently shown to be equivalent to aspirin alone). Low-risk participants (n = 892) all received 325 mg aspirin daily. The primary outcome was ischemic stroke (96%) or systemic embolism (4%).ResultsAmong the 1936 participants in the two trials, 42% (n = 805) had stage 3 CKD at entry. Considering the 1314 patients not assigned to adjusted-dose warfarin, the primary event rate was double among those with stage 3 CKD (hazard ratio 2.0, 95% CI 1.2, 3.3) versus those with a higher estimated GFR (eGFR). Among the 516 participants with stage 3 CKD included in the randomized trial, ischemic stroke/systemic embolism was reduced 76% (95% CI 42, 90; P < 0.001) by adjusted-dose warfarin compared with aspirin/low-dose warfarin; there was no difference in major hemorrhage (5 patients versus 6 patients, respectively).ConclusionsAmong atrial fibrillation patients participating in the Stroke Prevention in Atrial Fibrillation III trials, stage 3 CKD was associated with higher rates of ischemic stroke/systemic embolism. Adjusted-dose warfarin markedly reduced ischemic stroke/systemic embolism in high-risk atrial fibrillation patients with stage 3 CKD.
| S-EPMC3359566 | biostudies-literature
Project description:It is not known whether patients with atrial fibrillation (AF) with ischemic stroke despite oral anticoagulant therapy are at increased risk for further recurrent strokes or how ongoing secondary prevention should be managed. We conducted an individual patient data pooled analysis of 7 prospective cohort studies that recruited patients with AF and recent cerebral ischemia. We compared patients taking oral anticoagulants (vitamin K antagonists [VKA] or direct oral anticoagulants [DOAC]) prior to index event (OACprior ) with those without prior oral anticoagulation (OACnaive ). We further compared those who changed the type (ie, from VKA or DOAC, vice versa, or DOAC to DOAC) of anticoagulation (OACchanged ) with those who continued the same anticoagulation as secondary prevention (OACunchanged ). Time to recurrent acute ischemic stroke (AIS) was analyzed using multivariate competing risk Fine-Gray models to calculate hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs). We included 5,413 patients (median age = 78 years [interquartile range (IQR) = 71-84 years]; 5,136 [96.7%] had ischemic stroke as the index event, median National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale on admission = 6 [IQR = 2-12]). The median CHA2 DS2 -Vasc score (congestive heart failure, hypertension, age≥ 75 years, diabetes mellitus, stroke/transient ischemic attack, vascular disease, age 65-74 years, sex category) was 5 (IQR = 4-6) and was similar for OACprior (n = 1,195) and OACnaive (n = 4,119, p = 0.103). During 6,128 patient-years of follow-up, 289 patients had AIS (4.7% per year, 95% CI = 4.2-5.3%). OACprior was associated with an increased risk of AIS (HR = 1.6, 95% CI = 1.2-2.3, p = 0.005). OACchanged (n = 307) was not associated with decreased risk of AIS (HR = 1.2, 95% CI = 0.7-2.1, p = 0.415) compared with OACunchanged (n = 585). Patients with AF who have an ischemic stroke despite previous oral anticoagulation are at a higher risk for recurrent ischemic stroke despite a CHA2 DS2 -Vasc score similar to those without prior oral anticoagulation. Better prevention strategies are needed for this high-risk patient group. ANN NEUROL 2020.
| S-EPMC7383617 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Background: Oral anticoagulants (OACs) are important in reducing the risk of ischaemic stroke in people with atrial fibrillation (AF). Although patients need to take their OAC continuously, it has been suggested that discontinuation is common in clinical practice, and this could predispose patients to thrombotic complications. Aims: To investigate the rate of OAC discontinuation and its predictors in patients with AF, using national data from Australian general practices. Methods: We analysed data obtained from NPS MedicineWise’s MedicineInsight dataset. We included patients with a recorded diagnosis of AF who newly started an OAC between 1 January 2013 and 31 December 2017. Patients were considered persistent if an OAC was prescribed continuously without discontinuing more than 60 days gap in therapy. The follow-up period was 12 months post-initiation. Multivariable models were used for the analysis of predictors. Results: Of 16,075 patients included in the cohort, 47.3% were females, and the mean age was 74.6 (SD 10.2) years. The overall OAC discontinuation rate was 13.2% (confidence interval (CI) 12.6–13.7%) by 12 months post-initiation. The discontinuation rates for warfarin, apixaban, dabigatran and rivaroxaban were 18.3% (95% CI 17.2–19.5%), 10.1% (95% CI 9.2–11.0%), 10.9% (95% CI 9.4–12.5%) and 12.2% (95% CI 11.4–13.2%), respectively. Warfarin had a significantly higher risk of discontinuation compared to direct-acting OACs. Factors that are known to increase the risk of stroke (older age, diabetes, and hypertension) were associated with better persistence. Conclusions: A relatively high proportion of patients with AF continued OAC therapy by 12 months post-initiation. Positively, patients with the highest risk of stroke and lowest risk of bleeds seemed to have better persistence.
| S-EPMC9605276 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Background and Objectives: Real-world evidence of apixaban treatment in patients with chronic kidney disease remains scarce. This study aimed to compare the relative risk of stroke or systemic embolism (SE) and major bleeding between apixaban and warfarin in atrial fibrillation (AF) patients with different degrees of kidney function. Design, Setting, Participants, and Measurements: We evaluated newly diagnosed AF patients between 2004 and 2018, who were receiving apixaban or warfarin. Electronic medical record data were collected from a large healthcare delivery network in Taiwan. The outcomes of hospitalization for stroke/SE and major bleeding were compared with propensity-score matched apixaban and warfarin cohorts. Stratified analyses according to initial apixaban dose (standard dose of 10 mg/day vs. lower dose of 2.5-5.0 mg/day) and baseline estimated glomerular filtration rate were performed. Results: Each cohort involved 1,625 matched patients. Apixaban was significantly associated with a lower risk of stroke/SE (adjusted hazard ratio [aHR]: 0.74; 95% confidence interval [CI]:0.57-0.97; p = 0.03). The risk of major bleeding was not increased whether in standard doses (aHR: 0.66; 95% CI: 0.45-0.96; p = 0.03) or reduced doses (aHR, 0.84; 95% CI, 0.63-1.12; p = 0.23) of apixaban. Regarding kidney function, apixaban reduced the risk of stroke/SE by 37% in those with an eGFR of <30 ml/min/1.73 m2 (aHR: 0.63; 95% CI: 0.40-0.98; p = 0.04). Conclusions: Compared to warfarin, apixaban is associated with a reduced risk of stroke/SE and is consistent with a subset of AF patients with eGFR <30 ml/min/1.73 m2. Both standard and reduced doses of apixaban showed lower risk of major bleeding than those of warfarin.
| S-EPMC8558356 | biostudies-literature