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Photocatalytic Degradation of Ethiofencarb by a Visible Light-Driven SnIn₄S₈ Photocatalyst.

ABSTRACT: This work reports the preparation and detailed characterization of stannum indium sulfide (SnIn₄S₈) semiconductor photocatalyst for degradation of ethiofencarb (toxic insecticide) under visible-light irradiation. The as-prepared SnIn₄S₈ showed catalytic efficiency of 98% in 24 h under optimal operating conditions (pH = 3, catalyst dosage of 0.5 g L^-1). The photodegradation reaction followed pseudo-first-order kinetics. The major intermediates have been identified using gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. ^•O₂^- and ^•OH radicals appeared to be the primary active species in the degradation process as revealed by scavenger and electronic spin resonance studies, while photogenerated holes had a secondary role in this process. A plausible mechanism involving two routes was proposed for ethiofencarb degradation by SnIn₄S₈ after identifying the major intermediate species: oxidative cleavage of the CH₂-S and the amide bonds of the carbamate moiety. Lastly, SnIn₄S₈ was found to be efficient, stable, and reusable in treating real water samples in three successive photodegradation experiments. This study demonstrates the prospect of SnIn₄S₈ photocatalysis in treatment of natural and contaminated water from extremely toxic organic carbamates as ethiofencarb.

SUBMITTER: Chen CC

PROVIDER: S-EPMC8157292 | biostudies-literature |

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Project description:Creation of an innovative composite photocatalyst, to advance its performance, has attracted researchers to the field of photocatalysis. In this article, a new photocatalyst based on polyaniline/reduced graphene oxide (PANI/RGO) composites has been prepared via the in situ oxidative polymerization method employing RGO as a template. For thermoelectric applications, though a higher percentage (50 wt %) of RGO has been used, for photocatalytic activity, lesser percentages (2, 5, and 8 wt %) of RGO in the composite have given a significant outcome. Furthermore, photoluminescence (PL) spectra, time-resolved fluorescence spectra, and Brunauer-Emmett-Teller surface area analyses confirmed the improved photocatalytic mechanism. PANI/RGO composites under visible light irradiation exhibit amazingly improved activity toward the degradation of cationic and anionic dyes in comparison with pristine PANI or RGO. Here, a PANI/RGO composite, with 5 wt % RGO(PG2), has emerged as the best combination with the degradation percentages of 99.68, 99.35, and 98.73 for malachite green, rhodamine B, and congo red within 15, 30, and 40 min, respectively. Experimental findings show that the introduction of RGO can relieve the agglomeration of PANI nanoparticles and enhance the light absorption of the materials due to an increased surface area. Moreover, the PG2 composite also showed excellent photocatalytic activity to reduce noxious Cr(VI). The effective removal of Cr(VI) up to 94.7% at pH 2 was observed within only 15 min. With the help of the active species trapping experiment, a plausible mechanism for the photocatalytic degradation has been proposed. The heightened activity of the as-synthesized composite compared to that of neat PANI or RGO was generally because of high concentrations of •OH radicals and partly of •O2 - and holes (h+) as concluded from the nitroblue tetrazolium probe test and photoluminescence experiment. It is hoped that the exceptional photocatalytic performance of our work makes the conducting polymer-based composite an effective alternative in wastewater treatment for industrial applications.

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Photocatalytic Degradation of Ethiofencarb by a Visible Light-Driven SnIn₄S₈ Photocatalyst.

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Photocatalytic Degradation of Ethiofencarb by a Visible Light-Driven SnIn4S8 Photocatalyst.

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Photocatalytic Degradation of Ethiofencarb by a Visible Light-Driven SnIn₄S₈ Photocatalyst.