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Chronological and Skeletal Age in Relation to Physical Fitness Performance in Preschool Children.

ABSTRACT: Introduction: Physical fitness is an adaptive state that varies with an individual's growth and maturity status. Considering that the difference in skeletal maturity already existed among preschool children, this study was designed to determine the influence of skeletal age and chronological age on preschoolers' physical fitness performance. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted in 945 healthy preschoolers (509 males, 436 females) aged between 3.0 and 6.0 years in Shanghai, China. We used the method of TW3-C RUS to determine skeletal age. Chronological age was measured by subtracting the date of birth from the test date. Sit and reach, 2 × 10 m shuttle run test, standing long jump, tennis ball throw, 5 m jump on both feet, and balance beam walk were considered for physical fitness performance. Correlation coefficients and partial correlations adjusting height and weight were used to determine the relationships among the variables of skeletal age/ relative skeletal age, chronological age/relative chronological age, and physical fitness items. Results: Skill-related physical fitness was weakly to moderately associated with skeletal age (the absolute value of r: 0.225-0.508, p < 0.01) and was moderately to strongly associated with chronological age (the absolute value of r: 0.405-0.659, p < 0.01). Health-related physical fitness items (BMI and sit and reach) showed a fairly weak to no correlation with skeletal age and chronological age. After adjusting the height and weight, an extremely weak to no correlation was observed between skeletal age and both health- and skill-related physical fitness, and weak-moderate correlations were noted between chronological age and skill-related physical fitness (the absolute value of r: 0.220-0.419, p < 0.01). In children in Grade 1, skill-related physical fitness (except for balance beam walk) showed a weak to moderate correlation with relative chronological age (the absolute value of r: 0.227-0.464, p < 0.05). Conclusion: (1) both skeletal age and chronological age are associated with skill-related rather than health-related physical fitness performance, and after adjusting height and weight, chronological age, rather than skeletal age, is associated with skill-related physical fitness performance; (2) for preschool children, skill-related physical fitness performance is influenced by relative chronological age rather than individual differences in skeletal maturation, especially in the lower grades.

SUBMITTER: Ke D

PROVIDER: S-EPMC8160222 | biostudies-literature |

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Project description:BackgroundInhibitory control develops rapidly during the preschool stage, and development of inhibitory control in this period is significant for the healthy growth of the future. However, most studies paid more attention to children and adolescents in recent years, but less focus on preschool children. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to explore the association between the health-related physical fitness and inhibitory control in preschool children.MethodsThis cross-sectional study was based on a baseline data from randomized controlled trial by cluster sampling(including 128 preschoolers, 70 boys, 58girls).The health-related physical fitness T-score (HPFT) was obtained by adding standard scores of six indicators: body mass index, handgrip strength, standing long jump, one-leg balance, 2 × 10 m shuttle run test, and 20 m shuttle run test. Inhibitory control was assessed using the flanker task and reflected by reaction time and accuracy.ResultsA total of 120 preschoolers were included in the final statistical analysis. After adjusting the confounders, HPFT was associated with reaction time (β=-2.49 ms, 95%CI: -4.22, -0.75). Similarly, a negative association was observed between one-leg balance and reaction time (β=-12.04 ms, 95%CI: -18.94, -5.15), and between 20 m shuttle run test and reaction time (β=-23.28 ms, 95%CI: -37.00, -9.56). Compared with the participants in the lowest tertile, HPFT (β=-158.74, 95%CI: -309.63, -7.84), one-leg balance (β=-267.25 ms, 95%CI: -420.71, -113.79) and 20 m shuttle run test (β=-215.58 ms, 95%CI: -374.67, -56.49) were all negatively associated with reaction time of those in the highest tertile.ConclusionsNegative relationships between HPFT and RT of the inhibitory control were observed in preschoolers. To have better inhibitory control, it's suggested that HPFT of preschoolers should be at least 249. These findings are of great significance for the early improvement of HPFT and the development of inhibitory control in preschool children.

Project description:BackgroundAltered DNA-methylation affects biological ageing in adults and developmental processes in children. DNA-methylation is altered by environmental factors, trauma and illnesses. We hypothesised that paediatric critical illness, and the nutritional management in the paediatric intensive care unit (PICU), affects DNA-methylation changes that underly the developmental processes of childhood ageing.ResultsWe studied the impact of critical illness, and of the early use of parenteral nutrition (early-PN) versus late-PN, on "epigenetic age-deviation" in buccal mucosa of 818 former PICU-patients (406 early-PN, 412 late-PN) who participated in the 2-year follow-up of the multicentre PEPaNIC-RCT (ClinicalTrials.gov-NCT01536275), as compared with 392 matched healthy children, and assessed whether this relates to their impaired growth. The epigenetic age-deviation (difference between PedBE clock-estimated epigenetic age and chronological age) was calculated. Using bootstrapped multivariable linear regression models, we assessed the impact hereon of critical illness, and of early-PN versus late-PN. As compared with healthy children, epigenetic age of patients assessed 2 years after PICU-admission deviated negatively from chronological age (p < 0.05 in 51% of bootstrapped replicates), similarly in early-PN and late-PN groups. Next, we identified vulnerable subgroups for epigenetic age-deviation using interaction analysis. We revealed that DNA-methylation age-deceleration in former PICU-patients was dependent on age at time of illness (p < 0.05 for 83% of bootstrapped replicates), with vulnerability starting from 6 years onwards. Finally, we assessed whether vulnerability to epigenetic age-deviation could be related to impaired growth from PICU-admission to follow-up at 2 and 4 years. Multivariable repeated measures ANOVA showed that former PICU-patients, as compared with healthy children, grew less in height (p = 0.0002) and transiently gained weight (p = 0.0003) over the 4-year time course. Growth in height was more stunted in former PICU-patients aged ≥ 6-years at time of critical illness (p = 0.002) than in the younger patients.ConclusionsAs compared with healthy children, former PICU-patients, in particular those aged ≥ 6-years at time of illness, revealed epigenetic age-deceleration, with a physical correlate revealing stunted growth in height. Whether this vulnerability around the age of 6 years for epigenetic age-deceleration and stunted growth years later relates to altered endocrine pathways activated at the time of adrenarche requires further investigation.

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Chronological and Skeletal Age in Relation to Physical Fitness Performance in Preschool Children.

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