Occurrence and Anastomosis Grouping of Rhizoctonia spp. Inducing Black Scurf and Greyish-White Felt-Like Mycelium on Carrot in Sweden.
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ABSTRACT:
SUBMITTER: Marcou S
PROVIDER: S-EPMC8160745 | biostudies-literature |
REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature
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Project description:Ninety seven Rhizoctonia isolates were collected from different Brassica species with typical Rhizoctonia symptoms in different provinces of Vietnam. The isolates were identified using staining of nuclei and sequencing of the rDNA-ITS barcoding gene. The majority of the isolates were multinucleate R. solani and four isolates were binucleate Rhizoctonia belonging to anastomosis groups (AGs) AG-A and a new subgroup of A-F that we introduce here as AG-Fc on the basis of differences in rDNA-ITS sequence. The most prevalent multinucleate AG was AG 1-IA (45.4% of isolates), followed by AG 1-ID (17.5%), AG 1-IB (13.4%), AG 4-HGI (12.4%), AG 2-2 (5.2%), AG 7 (1.0%) and an unknown AG related to AG 1-IA and AG 1-IE that we introduce here as AG 1-IG (1.0%) on the basis of differences in rDNA-ITS sequence. AG 1-IA and AG 1-ID have not been reported before on Brassica spp. Pathogenicity tests revealed that isolates from all AGs, except AG-A, induced symptoms on detached leaves of several cabbage species. In in vitro tests on white cabbage and Chinese cabbage, both hosts were severely infected by AG 1-IB, AG 2-2, AG 4-HGI, AG 1-IG and AG-Fc isolates, while under greenhouse conditions, only AG 4-HGI, AG 2-2 and AG-Fc isolates could cause severe disease symptoms. The occurrence of the different AGs seems to be correlated with the cropping systems and cultural practices in different sampling areas suggesting that agricultural practices determine the AGs associated with Brassica plants in Vietnam.
| S-EPMC4221111 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Mitochondria are the major energy source for cell functions. However, for the plant fungal pathogens, mitogenome variations and their roles during the host infection processes remain largely unknown. Rhizoctonia solani, an important soil-borne pathogen, forms different anastomosis groups (AGs) and adapts to a broad range of hosts in nature. Here, we reported three complete mitogenomes of AG1-IA RSIA1, AG1-IB RSIB1, and AG1-IC, and performed a comparative analysis with nine published Rhizoctonia mitogenomes (AG1-IA XN, AG1-IB 7/3/14, AG3, AG4, and five Rhizoctonia sp. mitogenomes). These mitogenomes encoded 15 typical proteins (cox1-3, cob, atp6, atp8-9, nad1-6, nad4L, and rps3) and several LAGLIDADG/GIY-YIG endonucleases with sizes ranging from 109,017 bp (Rhizoctonia sp. SM) to 235,849 bp (AG3). We found that their large sizes were mainly contributed by repeat sequences and genes encoding endonucleases. We identified the complete sequence of the rps3 gene in 10 Rhizoctonia mitogenomes, which contained 14 positively selected sites. Moreover, we inferred a robust maximum-likelihood phylogeny of 32 Basidiomycota mitogenomes, representing that seven R. solani and other five Rhizoctonia sp. lineages formed two parallel branches in Agaricomycotina. The comparative analysis showed that mitogenomes of Basidiomycota pathogens had high GC content and mitogenomes of R. solani had high repeat content. Compared to other strains, the AG1-IC strain had low substitution rates, which may affect its mitochondrial phylogenetic placement in the R. solani clade. Additionally, with the published RNA-seq data, we investigated gene expression patterns from different AGs during host infection stages. The expressed genes from AG1-IA (host: rice) and AG3 (host: potato) mainly formed four groups by k-mean partitioning analysis. However, conserved genes represented varied expression patterns, and only the patterns of rps3-nad2 and nad1-m3g18/mag28 (an LAGLIDADG endonuclease) were conserved in AG1-IA and AG3 as shown by the correlation coefficient analysis, suggesting regulation of gene repertoires adapting to infect varied hosts. The results of variations in mitogenome characteristics and the gene substitution rates and expression patterns may provide insights into the evolution of R. solani mitogenomes.
| S-EPMC8488467 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Rhizoctonia solani Kühn (teleomorph = Thanatephorus cucumeris (Frank) Donk) is one of the important soil-borne fungal pathogen, which infects tomato with typical symptoms of seedling damping-off and foot rot. During surveys (2014 and 2015 crop season) of nine tomato growing areas in Pothohar region of Pakistan, symptoms of foot rot were noted on approximately 33.4% of the plants observed at soil line level of the stem. Lesions on infected plant stems were irregular in shape, water-soaked, brown in colour manifesting sunken appearance. Fungal colonies isolated from stem portions of the diseased plants on malt extract agar medium were light grey to brown in colour with abundant mycelial growth and branched hyphae. A septum was always present in the branch of hyphae near the originating point with a slight constriction at the branch. No conidia or conidiophores were observed. All isolates were multinucleate when subjected to DAPI (4',6-diamidino-2-phenylindole) stain. Based on morphological characteristics of fungal hyphae, isolates were identified as R. solani. Restriction analysis of PCR-amplified ribosomal DNA with four discriminant enzymes (MseI, AvaII, HincII, and MunI) and hyphal interactions with known tester strains confirmed these isolates belong to AG-3-PT (64.2%), AG-2-1 (14.2%), AG-2-2 (9.5%), AG-5 (7.1%) and AG-4-HGI (4.7%). AG-3-PT was widely distributed to major tomato growing areas while other groups were confined to distinct locations. Internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region of rDNA was amplified with the primers ITS1/ITS4 and sequenced which had 99-100% identity with the corresponding gene sequences of respective R. solani AGs. To confirm Koch's postulates, four week old tomato plants were transplanted into 1.5 L plastic pots containing sterilized potting mixture i.e. sand: clay: farmyard manure, at the rate of 1:1:1. Soil inoculum containing 10 g of barley grains colonized with each isolate of R. solani for 14 days was mixed in the upper 2 cm layer of soil (Taheri and Tarighi, 2012). A set of uninoculated plants was used as a control. Ambient conditions were provided under the greenhouse. 21 days after inoculation, water-soaked greyish to brown lesions similar to the symptoms of the previous infection were observed on stem portions of all inoculated plants while control plants remained symptomless. Fungus re-isolated from infections was confirmed as R. solani by microscopic appearance of the hyphae. Present study is the first report of AG composition of R. solani infecting tomato in Pakistan which will be useful to breeding programs working on varietal evaluation.
| S-EPMC6405938 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Rhizoctonia solani is a species complex composed of many genetically diverse anastomosis groups (AG) and their subgroups. It causes economically important diseases of soybean worldwide. However, the global genetic diversity and distribution of R. solani AG associated with soybean are unknown to date. In this study, the global genetic diversity and distribution of AG associated with soybean were investigated based on rDNA-ITS sequences deposited in GenBank and published literature. The most prevalent AG, was AG-1 (40%), followed by AG-2 (19.13%), AG-4 (11.30%), AG-7 (10.43%), AG-11 (8.70%), AG-3 (5.22%) and AG-5 (3.48%). Most of the AG were reported from the USA and Brazil. Sequence analysis of internal transcribed spacers of ribosomal DNA separated AG associated with soybean into two distinct clades. Clade I corresponded to distinct subclades containing AG-2, AG-3, AG-5, AG-7 and AG-11. Clade II corresponded to subclades of AG-1 subgroups. Furthermore, AG and/or AG subgroups were in close proximity without corresponding to their geographical origin. Moreover, AG or AG subgroups within clade or subclades shared higher percentages of sequence similarities. The principal coordinate analysis also supported the phylogenetic and genetic diversity analyses. In conclusion, AG-1, AG-2, and AG-4 were the most prevalent AG in soybean. The clade or subclades corresponded to AG or AG subgroups and did not correspond to the AG's geographical origin. The information on global genetic diversity and distribution will be helpful if novel management measures are to be developed against soybean diseases caused by R. solani.
| S-EPMC9777564 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Rhizoctonia solani is a necrotrophic plant pathogen with a wide host range. R. solani is a species complex consisting of thirteen anastomosis groups (AGs) defined by compatibility of hyphal fusion reaction and subgroups based on cultural morphology. The relationship between such classifications and host specificity remains elusive. Here, we investigated the pathogenicity of seventeen R. solani isolates (AG-1 to 7) in Japan towards Arabidopsis thaliana using leaf and soil inoculations. The tested AGs, except AG-3 and AG-6, induced symptoms in both methods with variations in pathogenicity. The virulence levels differed even within the same AG and subgroup. Some isolates showed tissue-specific infection behavior. Thus, the AGs and their subgroups are suggested to be not enough to define the virulence (host and tissue specificity) of R. solani. We also evaluated the virulence of the isolates on Arabidopsis plants pretreated with salicylic acid, jasmonic acid, and ethylene. No obvious effects were detected on the symptom formation by the virulence isolates, but ethylene and salicylic acid slightly enhanced the susceptibility to the weak and nonvirulent isolates. R. solani seems to be able to overcome the induced defense by these phytohormones in the infection to Arabidopsis.
| S-EPMC8781544 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Sheath blight, caused by Rhizoctonia solani anastomosis group 1 subgroup 1A (AG1-1A), is one of the most devastating rice diseases worldwide. Here, we report the draft genome sequence of R. solani AG1-1A strain 1802/KB isolated from a popular Malaysian rice variety. To the best of our knowledge, this is the second reported representative genome from AG1-1A.
| S-EPMC5658503 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Sheath blight disease caused by Rhizoctonia solani Kuhn (teleomorph; Thanatephorus cucumeris) is a major constraint in rice production. Among the different anastomosis groups (AGs) of Rhizoctonia solani, AG1-IA causes sheath blight of rice, which induce necrotic lesions on leaf sheaths of the infected plants. Several reports contradict the host specificity of anastomosis groups in Rhizoctonia solani. There is lack of information on the pathogenicity genes of these Rhizoctonia solani anastomosis groups during sheath blight infection in rice. In the present study, Rhizoctonia solani isolates collected from diverse rice growing regions of India were screened for anastomosis groups and two groups namely, AG1-IA, AG2-2 were identified. Accordingly, comparative studies were made with AG1-IA (GenBank ID: 16,395) and AG2-2 (GenBank ID: 2,318,768) group sequences, which enabled the identification of specific gene clusters (119 in AG1-IA and 604 in AG2-2) belonging to these groups. Pathogen Host Interaction (PHI) blast with these specific gene clusters could further identify genes involved in host pathogen interaction (38 in AG1_IA and 150 in AG2-2), which were shortlisted for qRT-PCR validation based on qcov cutoff values representing different phenotypic categories of PHI blast. Expression analysis-based validation in sheath blight susceptible (Pusa Basmati 1) and resistant (Pusa 1908-13-12-5) rice genotypes showed that most of the genes expressed significantly higher in the susceptible variety Pusa Basmati 1. The genes like inorganic phosphate transporter (AG1_IPT), Bromodomain containing protein (AG1_BrD), Aldehyde dehydrogenase (AG1_AldD), AMP binding domain (AG1_AMP) and Heme peroxidase (AG1_HmPr) were upregulated in the susceptible genotype, PB 1 at 72hpi compared to Pusa 1908-13-12-5. Among these, inorganic phosphate transporter (AG1_IPT), Bromodomain containing protein (AG1_BrD) and Heme peroxidase (AG1_HmPr) were specific to Rhizoctonia solani AG1-IA. Through the present study, we could demonstrate the AG1-IA-specific interactions of Rhizoctonia solani causing sheath blight disease of rice, which is a step forward in understanding the specificity of Rhizoctonia solani with reference to sheath blight disease of rice.Supplementary informationThe online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s13205-021-02934-1.
| S-EPMC8329123 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Psilocybe mushrooms, otherwise known as "magic" mushrooms, owe their psychedelic effect to psilocin, a serotonin subtype 2A (5-HT2A) receptor agonist and metabolite of psilocybin, the primary indole alkaloid found in Psilocybe species. Metabolomics is an advanced fingerprinting tool that can be utilized to identify the differences among fungal life stages that may otherwise be unaccounted for. In this study, by using targeted and untargeted (metabolomic) multivariate analysis, we demonstrate that the chemical composition of Psilocybe differs among mycelia, grain mycelia, and fruiting bodies. The preferential accumulation of psilocybin, baeocystin, tryptophan, ergothioneine, and phenylethylamine in fruiting bodies differentiated them from mycelia; however, the levels of alpha-glycerylphosphorylcholine (α-GPC), N-acetylglucosamine, and trimethylglycine were found to be proportionally higher in mycelia than in fruiting bodies based on Pareto-scaled data. Considering the wealth of compounds with therapeutic potential that have been isolated from various fungal genera, it would be pertinent to study the compounds found in Psilocybe mycelia as potential naturally derived therapeutic targets.
| S-EPMC10716206 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Forty-two Rhizoctonia isolates were collected from rice, mung bean, and grasses from Laguna, Philippines. Sixteen isolates were binucleate Rhizoctonia (BNR), while 26 were multinucleate Rhizoctonia (MNR). BNR isolates produced white to brown, small sclerotia (<1.0 mm) except for mung bean isolates. Twenty MNR isolates produced big (>1.0 mm), light to dark brown sclerotia, three produced salmon-colored masses in the medium, and three did not produce sclerotia. Twenty-three MNR isolates were identified as R. solani AG1-IA using specific primers. Deduced Internal Transcribed Spacer (ITS) sequences of BNR isolates D1FL, NVL, and ScNL shared 100, 97, and 100% identity with R. oryzae-sativae, respectively, while MNR isolates BMgL, IbMgL, and MaSL that produced salmon-colored masses shared 100, 90, and 100% identity with R. oryzae, respectively. Preliminary analysis of the DNA fingerprint patterns generated by repetitive-element PCR (rep-PCR) clustered the 42 isolates into three: R. solani, R. oryzae-sativae, and R. oryzae, together with Ceratobasidium sp. R. solani isolates were pathogenic on rice (TN1), barnyard grass, mungbean (Pagasa 3), and tomato (Athena), while R. oryzae and R. oryzae-sativae isolates were only pathogenic on rice, Echinochloa crus-galli, and tomato. R. solani and R. oryzae were found to be more virulent than R. oryzae-sativae.
| S-EPMC6463032 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Network modules are used for diverse purposes, ranging from delineation of biogeographical provinces to the study of biotic interactions. We assess spatial scaling effects on modular structure, using a multi-step process to compare fish co-occurrence networks at three nested scales. We first detect modules with simulated annealing and use spatial clustering tests (interspecific distances among species' range centroids) to determine if modules consist of species with broadly overlapping ranges; strong spatial clustering may reflect environmental filtering, while absence of spatial clustering may reflect positive interspecific relationships (commensalism or mutualism). We then use non-hierarchical, multivariate cluster analysis as an alternative method to identify fish subgroups, we repeat spatial clustering tests for the multivariate clusters, then compare spatial clustering results among modules and clusters. Next, we compare species lists within modules and clusters, and estimate congruence as the proportion of species assigned to the same groups by the two methods. Finally, we use a well-documented nest associate complex (fishes that deposit eggs in the gravel nests of a common host) to assess whether strong within-group associations may, in fact, reflect positive interspecific relationships. At each scale, 2-4 network modules were detected but a consistent relationship between scale and the number of modules was not observed. Significant spatial clustering was detected at all scales for network modules and multivariate clusters but was less prevalent at smaller scales. Congruence between modules and clusters was always < 90% and generally decreased as the number of groups increased. At all scales, the complete nest associate complex was completely preserved within a single network module, but not within a single multivariate cluster. Collectively, our results suggest that network modules are promising tools for studying positive interactions and that smaller scales may be preferable in this research.
| S-EPMC6294383 | biostudies-other