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Enhancing the photodynamic therapy efficacy of black phosphorus nanosheets by covalently grafting fullerene C₆₀.

ABSTRACT: Few-layer black phosphorus (BP) nanosheets show potential application in biomedicine such as photodynamic therapy (PDT), and are therefore commonly used in anticancer therapy and nanomedicine due to being relatively less invasive. However, they suffer from low ambient stability and poor therapeutic efficacy. Herein, C₆₀ was covalently grafted onto the edges of BP nanosheets, and the resultant BP-C₆₀ hybrid was applied as a novel endocytosing photosensitizer, resulting in not only significantly enhanced PDT efficacy relative to that of the pristine BP nanosheets, but also drastically improved stability in a physiological environment, as confirmed by both in vitro and in vivo studies. Such improved stability was due to shielding effect of the stable hydrophobic C₆₀ molecules. The enhanced PDT efficacy is interpreted from the photoinduced electron transfer from BP to C₆₀, leading to the promoted generation of ˙OH radicals, acting as a reactive oxygen species (ROS) that is effective in killing tumor cells. Furthermore, the BP-C₆₀ hybrid exhibited low systemic toxicity in the major organs of mice. The BP-C₆₀ hybrid represents the first BP-fullerene hybrid nanomaterial fulfilling promoted ROS generation and consequently enhanced PDT efficacy.

SUBMITTER: Liu Y

PROVIDER: S-EPMC8162772 | biostudies-literature |

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Project description:The photodynamic action mechanism sensitized by a non-charged porphyrin-fullerene C60 dyad (TCP-C60) and its tetracationic analogue (TCP-C60 4+) was investigated in solution and in Staphylococcus aureus cells. The ability of both dyads to form a photoinduced charge-separated state was evidenced by the reduction of methyl viologen in N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF). Moreover, the formation of superoxide anion radicals induced by these dyads was detected by the reduction of nitro blue tetrazolium. Also, photosensitized decomposition of l-tryptophan (Trp) was investigated in the presence of reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavengers. The addition of β-carotene and sodium azide had a slight effect on reaction rate. However, photooxidation of Trp mediated by TCP-C60 was negligible in the presence of d-mannitol, while no protection was found using TCP-C60 4+. In a polar medium, these dyads mainly act by a contribution of type I pathway with low generation of singlet molecular oxygen, O2(1Δg). In S. aureus cell suspensions, an aerobic atmosphere was required for the photokilling of this bacterium. The photocytotoxicity induced by TCP-C60 was increased in D2O with respect to water, while a small effect was found using TCP-C60 4+. Furthermore, photoinactivation of microbial cells was negligible in the presence of sodium azide. The addition of d-mannitol did not affect the photoinactivation induced by TCP-C60. In contrast, S. aureus cells were protected by d-mannitol when TCP-C60 4+ was used as a photosensitizer. Also, generation of O2(1Δg) in the S. aureus cells was higher for TCP-C60 than TCP-C60 4+. Therefore, TCP-C60 appears to act in microbial cells mainly through the mediation of O2(1Δg). Although, a contribution of the type I mechanism was found for cell death induced by TCP-C60 4+. Therefore, these dyads with high capacity to produce photoinduced charge-separated state represent interesting photosensitizers to inactivate microorganisms by type I or type II mechanisms. In particular, TCP-C60 may be located in a non-polar microenvironment in the cells favoring a type II pathway, while a contribution of the type I mechanism was produced using the cationic TCP-C60 4+.

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Enhancing the photodynamic therapy efficacy of black phosphorus nanosheets by covalently grafting fullerene C₆₀.

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Enhancing the photodynamic therapy efficacy of black phosphorus nanosheets by covalently grafting fullerene C60.

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OmicsDI is part of the ELIXIR infrastructure

Tweets

Enhancing the photodynamic therapy efficacy of black phosphorus nanosheets by covalently grafting fullerene C₆₀.