Remdesivir Alleviates Acute Kidney Injury by Inhibiting the Activation of NLRP3 Inflammasome.
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ABSTRACT:
SUBMITTER: Yin L
PROVIDER: S-EPMC8176923 | biostudies-literature |
REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature
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Project description:Whether rutin relieves ventilator-induced lung injury (VILI) remains unclear. Here, we used network pharmacology, bioinformatics, and molecular docking to predict the therapeutic targets and potential mechanisms of rutin in the treatment of VILI. Subsequently, a mouse model of VILI was established to confirm the effects of rutin on VILI. HE staining showed that rutin alleviated VILI. TUNEL staining showed that rutin reduced apoptosis in the lung tissue of mice with VILI, and the same change was observed in the ratio of Bax/Bcl2. Furthermore, rutin reduced the expression of NLRP3, ASC, Caspase1, IL1β, and IL18 in the lung tissues of mice with VILI. Mechanistically, rutin suppressed the TLR4/NF-κB-P65 pathway, which promoted the M1 to M2 macrophage transition and alleviated inflammation in mice with VILI. Rutin relieved NLRP3 inflammasome activation by regulating M1/M2 macrophage polarization and inhibiting the activation of the TLR4/NF-κB-P65 pathway, resulting in the amelioration of VILI in mice.
| S-EPMC10561045 | biostudies-literature
Project description:BackgroundVentilator-induced lung injury (VILI) is caused by stretch stimulation and other factors related to mechanical ventilation (MV). NOD-like receptor protein 3 (NLRP3), an important innate immune component, is strongly associated with VILI. This study aimed to investigate the effect and mechanisms of aerobic exercise (EX) on VILI.MethodsTo test the effects of the PKC inhibitor bisindolylmaleimide I on PKC and NLRP3, male C57BL/6 mice (7 weeks old, 19 ~ 23 g) were randomly divided into four groups: control group(C), bisindolylmaleimide I-pretreated group(B), MV group, and bisindolylmaleimide I-pretreated + MV (B + MV) group. The mice were pretreated with bisindolylmaleimide I through intraperitoneal injection (0.02 mg/kg) 1 h before MV. MV was performed at a high tidal volume (30 ml/kg). To explore the ameliorative effect of EX on VILI, the mice were randomly divided into C group, MV group, EX group and EX + MV group and subjected to either MV or 5 weeks of EX training. After ventilation, haematoxylin-eosin (HE) staining and wet/dry weight ratio was used to assess lung pathophysiological changes. PKCɑ, P-PKCɑ, ASC, procaspase-1, caspase-1, pro-IL-1β, IL-1β, NLRP3 and occludin (tight junction protein) expression in lung tissues was determined by Western blotting. The level of IL-6 in alveolar lavage fluid was determined by ELISA.ResultsNLRP3, P-PKCɑ, and PKCɑ levels were inceased in MV group, but bisindolylmaleimide I treatment reversed these changes. Inhibition of PKC production prevented NLRP3 activation. Moreover, MV increased ASC, procaspase-1, caspase-1, pro-IL-1β, and IL1β levels and decreased occludin levels, but EX alleviated these changes. HE staining and lung injury scoring confirmed an absence of obvious lung injury in C group and EX group. Lung injury was most severe in MV group but was improved in EX + MV group. Overall, these findings suggest that MV activates the NLRP3 inflammasome by activating PKCɑ and inducing occludin degradation, while Exercise attenuates NLRP3 inflammasome and PKCɑ activation. Besides, exercise improves cyclic stretch-induced degradation of occludin.ConclusionPKC activation can increase the level of NLRP3, which can lead to lung injury. Exercise can reduce lung injury by inhibiting PKCɑ and NLRP3 activation. Exercise maybe a potential measure for clinical prevention of VILI.
| S-EPMC9714243 | biostudies-literature
Project description:5-Hydroxymethylfurfural (5-HMF) is a common reaction product during heat processing and the preparation of many types of foods and Traditional Chinese Medicine formulations. The aim of this study was to evaluate the protective effect of 5-HMF on endotoxin-induced acute lung injury (ALI) and the underlying mechanisms. Our findings indicate that 5-HMF attenuated lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced ALI in mice by mitigating alveolar destruction, neutrophil infiltration and the release of inflammatory cytokines. Furthermore, the activation of macrophages and human monocytes in response to LPS was remarkably suppressed by 5-HMF in vitro through inhibiting the NF-κB signaling pathway, NLRP3 inflammasome activation and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress. The inhibitory effect of 5-HMF on NLRP3 inflammasome was reversed by overexpressing ATF4 or CHOP, indicating the involvement of ER stress in the negative regulation of 5-HMF on NLRP3 inflammasome-mediated inflammation. Consistent with this, the ameliorative effect of 5-HMF on in vivo pulmonary dysfunction were reversed by the ER stress inducer tunicamycin. In conclusion, our findings elucidate the anti-inflammatory and protective efficacy of 5-HMF in LPS-induced acute lung injury, and also demonstrate the key mechanism of its action against NLRP3 inflammasome-related inflammatory disorders via the inhibition of ER stress.
| S-EPMC8711100 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Rationale: Dysregulation of arachidonic acid (ARA) metabolism results in inflammation; however, its role in acute lung injury (ALI) remains elusive. In this study, we addressed the role of dysregulated ARA metabolism in cytochromes P450 (CYPs) /cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) pathways in the pathogenesis of lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced ALI in mice. Methods: The metabolism of CYPs/COX-2-derived ARA in the lungs of LPS-induced ALI was investigated in C57BL/6 mice. The COX-2/sEH dual inhibitor PTUPB was used to establish the function of CYPs/COX-2 dysregulation in ALI. Primary murine macrophages were used to evaluate the underlying mechanism of PTUPB involved in the activation of NLRP3 inflammasome in vitro. Results: Dysregulation of CYPs/COX-2 metabolism of ARA occurred in the lungs and in primary macrophages under the LPS challenge. Decrease mRNA expression of Cyp2j9, Cyp2j6, and Cyp2j5 was observed, which metabolize ARA into epoxyeicosatrienoic acids (EETs). The expressions of COX-2 and soluble epoxide hydrolase (sEH), on the other hand, was significantly upregulated. Pre-treatment with the dual COX-2 and sEH inhibitor, PTUPB, attenuated the pathological injury of lung tissues and reduced the infiltration of inflammatory cells. Furthermore, PTUPB decreased the pro-inflammatory factors, oxidative stress, and activation of NACHT, LRR, and PYD domains-containing protein 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome in LPS-induced ALI mice. PTUPB pre-treatment remarkably reduced the activation of macrophages and NLRP3 inflammasome in vitro. Significantly, both preventive and therapeutic treatment with PTUPB improved the survival rate of mice receiving a lethal dose of LPS. Conclusion: The dysregulation of CYPs/COX-2 metabolized ARA contributes to the uncontrolled inflammatory response in ALI. The dual COX-2 and sEH inhibitor PTUPB exerts anti-inflammatory effects in treating ALI by inhibiting the NLRP3 inflammasome activation.
| S-EPMC7163435 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Background: Acute lung injury (ALI) is characterized by dysfunction of the alveolar epithelial membrane caused by acute inflammation and tissue injury. Qingwenzhike (QWZK) prescription has been demonstrated to be effective against respiratory viral infections in clinical practices, including coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) infection. So far, the chemical compositions, protective effects on ALI, and possible anti-inflammatory mechanisms remain unknown. Methods: In this study, the compositions of QWZK were determined via the linear ion trap/electrostatic field orbital trap tandem high-resolution mass spectrometry (UHPLC-LTQ-Orbitrap MS). To test the protective effects of QWZK on ALI, an ALI model induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in rats was used. The effects of QWZK on the LPS-induced ALI were evaluated by pathological changes and the number and classification of white blood cell (WBC) in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF). To investigate the possible underlying mechanisms, the contents of interleukin-6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), monocyte chemoattractant protein (MCP-1), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), interleukin-18 (IL-18), and immunoregulatory-related factors interferon-γ (IFN-γ) were detected by ELISA. Furthermore, the expression of Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), p-IKKα/β, IKKα, IKKβ, p-IκBα, IκBα, p-NF-κB, nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB), NOD-like receptor family pyrin domain containing 3 (NLRP3), cleaved caspase-1, pro-caspase-1, apoptosis-associated speck-like protein containing CARD (ASC), and β-actin were tested by Western blot. Results: A total of 99 compounds were identified in QWZK, including 33 flavonoids, 23 phenolic acids, 3 alkaloids, 3 coumarins, 20 triterpenoids, 5 anthraquinones, and 12 others. ALI rats induced by LPS exhibited significant increase in neutrophile, significant decrease in lymphocyte, and evidently thicker alveolar wall than control animals. QWZK reversed the changes in WBC count and alveolar wall to normal level on the model of ALI induced by LPS. ELISA results revealed that QWZK significantly reduced the overexpression of proinflammatory factors IL-6, TNF-α, MCP-1, IL-1β, IL-18, and IFN-γ induced by LPS. Western blot results demonstrated that QWZK significantly downregulated the overexpression of TLR4, p-IKKα/β, p-IκBα, p-NF-κB, NLRP3, cleaved caspase-1, and ASC induced by LPS, which suggested that QWZK inhibited TLR4/NF-κB signaling pathway and NLRP3 inflammasomes. Conclusions: The chemical compositions of QWZK were first identified. It was demonstrated that QWZK showed protective effects on ALI induced by LPS. The possible underlying mechanisms of QWZK on ALI induced by LPS was via inhibiting TLR4/NF-kB signaling pathway and NLRP3 inflammasome activation. This work suggested that QWZK is a potential therapeutic candidate for the treatments of ALI and pulmonary inflammation.
| S-EPMC8733650 | biostudies-literature
Project description:ObjectiveSepsis is a leading cause of acute lung injury (ALI). This study attempted to investigate the effects of limb bud and heart (LBH) on the development of sepsis-induced ALI and its underlying mechanism of action.MethodsThe sepsis-induced ALI mouse model was established by cecal ligation and puncture (CLP). The lung injury score and lung wet/dry weight (W/D) ratio were used to evaluate the lung injury. In vitro, ALI was simulated by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) treatment in A549 cells. The mRNA expression of LBH, NLRP3, ASC, and proinflammatory cytokines was measured by qRT-PCR. The viability of LPS-induced A549 cells was analyzed by MTT assay. Furthermore, western blot was performed to detect the protein expression of LBH, NLRP3, and ASC. LPS-induced A549 cells were treated with MCC950 (NLRP3 inflammasome inhibitor) to confirm the effect of LBH on NLRP3 inflammasome.ResultsThe mRNA and protein expression of LBH was decreased in sepsis-induced ALI. LBH overexpression reduced the lung injury score, lung W/D ratio, expression of proinflammatory cytokines, and NLRP3 inflammasome activation in sepsis-induced ALI mouse model. Additionally, LBH upregulation increased the viability, while it decreased the proinflammatory cytokine expression and NLRP3 inflammasome activation of LPS-induced A549 cells. Moreover, MCC950 reversed the promoting effects of LBH silencing on proinflammatory cytokine expression and NLRP3 inflammasome activation in LPS-induced A549 cells.ConclusionsLBH alleviated lung injury in sepsis-induced ALI mouse model by inhibiting inflammation and NLRP3 inflammasome, and restrained the inflammation by inhibiting NLRP3 inflammasome in LPS-induced A549 cells, providing a novel therapeutic target for ALI.
| S-EPMC7847343 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Calycosin (CAL) is the main active component present in Astragalus and reportedly possesses diverse pharmacological properties. However, the cardioprotective effect and underlying mechanism of CAL against doxorubicin- (DOX-) induced cardiotoxicity need to be comprehensively examined. Herein, we aimed to investigate whether the cardioprotective effects of CAL are related to its antipyroptotic effect. A cardiatoxicity model was established by stimulating H9c2 cells and C57BL/6J mice using DOX. In vitro, CAL increased H9c2 cell viability and decreased DOX-induced pyroptosis via NLRP3, caspase-1, and gasdermin D signaling pathways in a dose-dependent manner. In vivo, CAL-DOX cotreatment effectively suppressed DOX-induced cytotoxicity as well as inflammatory and cardiomyocyte pyroptosis via the same molecular mechanism. Next, we used nigericin (Nig) and NLRP3 forced overexpression to determine whether CAL imparts antipyroptotic effects by inhibiting the NLRP3 inflammasome in vitro. Furthermore, CAL suppressed DOX-induced mitochondrial oxidative stress injury in H9c2 cells by decreasing the generation of reactive oxygen species and increasing mitochondrial membrane potential and adenosine triphosphate. Likewise, CAL attenuated the DOX-induced increase in malondialdehyde content and decreased superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase activities in H9c2 cells. In vivo, CAL afforded a protective effect against DOX-induced cardiac injury by improving myocardial function, inhibiting brain natriuretic peptide, and improving the changes of the histological morphology of DOX-treated mice. Collectively, our findings confirmed that CAL alleviates DOX-induced cardiotoxicity and pyroptosis by inhibiting NLRP3 inflammasome activation in vivo and in vitro.
| S-EPMC8754606 | biostudies-literature
Project description:IntroductionFerroptosis is an iron-dependent regulated necrosis and has been proven to contribute to the progress of acute kidney injury (AKI). Quercetin (QCT), a natural flavonoid which is commonly found in numerous fruits and vegetables, has extensive pharmacological effects, such as anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory and anti-senescence effects.ObjectivesThis study aims to explain whether ferroptosis is a therapeutic strategy to AKI, and to explore the effect of QCT on AKI ferroptosis.MethodsNRK-52E cells and HK-2 cells were used for in vitro ferroptosis studies. Morphology of cells was detected by transmission electron microscopy. Lipid ROS was assayed using flow cytometry. In vivo, AKI was induced by ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) or folic acid (FA). To explore the molecular mechanisms, RNA-sequence analysis was performed. Transwell was used to detect macrophage migration.ResultsWe discovered that quercetin (QCT), a natural flavonoid, inhibited ferroptosis in renal proximal tubular epithelial cells. QCT blocked the typical morphologic changes of ferroptotic cells by reducing the levels of malondialdehyde (MDA) and lipid ROS and increasing the levels of glutathione (GSH). Moreover, QCT ameliorated AKI induced by I/R or FA. RNA-sequence analysis highlighted activation transcription factor 3 (ATF3), as it was the dominant one among all the 299 down-regulated genes by QCT. Knockdown of ATF3 could significantly increase the levels of SLC7A11, GPX4 and increased the cell viability. In addition, ferroptotic cells were found to be extremely pro-inflammatory by recruiting macrophages through CCL2, while QCT inhibited the chemotaxis of macrophages induced by ferroptosis in AKI.ConclusionsCollectively, these results identify QCT as a ferroptosis inhibitor and provide new therapeutic strategies for diseases related to ferroptosis.
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Project description:The spinal cord injury (SCI) is a detrimental neurological disease involving the primary mechanical injury and secondary inflammatory damage. Curtailing the detrimental neuroinflammation would be beneficial for spinal cord function recovery. Microglia reside in the spinal cord and actively participate in the onset, progression and perhaps resolution of post-SCI neuroinflammation. In the current study, we tested the effects of methylene blue on microglia both in vitro and in a rat SCI model. We found that methylene blue inhibited the protein levels of IL-1? and IL-18 rather than their mRNA levels in activated microglia. Further investigation indicated that methylene blue deceased the activation of NLRP3 inflammasome and NLRC4 inflammasome in microglia in vitro. Moreover, in the rat SCI model, the similar effect of methylene blue on post-SCI microglia was also observed, except that the activation of NLRC4 inflammasome was not seen. The inhibition of microglia NLRP3 inflammasome was associated with down-regulation of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS). The administration of methylene blue mitigated the overall post-SCI neuroinflammation, demonstrated by decreased pro-inflammatory cytokine production and leukocyte infiltrates. Consequently, the neuronal apoptosis was partially inhibited and the hind limb locomotor function was ameliorated by methylene blue treatment. Our research highlights the role of methylene blue in inhibiting post-SCI neuroinflammation, and suggests that methylene blue might be used for SCI therapy.
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Project description:Dihydromyricetin (DHM), a flavonoid in vine tea, has many pharmacological activities, including anti-inflammatory and antibacterial effects. Lipopolysaccharide is the key inducer of inflammation in avian pathogenic Escherichia coli (E. coli) infection; however, the effect of DHM on E. coli lipopolysaccharide-induced hepatic injury remains unknown. The present study aimed to explore the role of the NLRP3 inflammasome in hepatic injury and the possible protective mechanisms of DHM against hepatic injury in chickens. The results showed that when chickens were administered lipopolysaccharide, liver damage was observed, accompanied by increased levels of serum transaminases and direct bilirubin. Additionally, hepatic expression levels of NLRP3 and caspase-1 p20, the subunit of caspase-1 that is cleaved after NLRP3 activation, significantly increased in liver injury. We found that treatment with MCC950, a specific NLRP3 inhibitor, significantly decreased serum transaminase activities, direct bilirubin content, and hepatic NLRP3 and caspase-1 p20 expression levels. DHM significantly reduced serum transaminase activities and direct bilirubin content and ameliorated histopathological and ultrastructural changes in the liver. DHM decreased hepatic levels of H2O2 and malondialdehyde and increased the activities of superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase. Furthermore, DHM significantly decreased the expression levels of NLRP3, pro-caspase-1 and caspase-1 p20. Moreover, DHM reduced serum lactate dehydrogenase, IL-1β and IL-18 levels and repressed hepatic IL-1β, IL-18 and gasdermin A expression. The results demonstrated that the NLRP3 inflammasome was involved in the mechanism of lipopolysaccharide-induced hepatic injury. Furthermore, DHM could inhibit NLRP3 inflammasome activation and subsequent pyroptosis, eventually ameliorating E. coli lipopolysaccharide-induced liver injury.
| S-EPMC8785529 | biostudies-literature