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Population Genetic Structure of A Marine Pelagic Egg Producer and Popular Marine Aquarium Species, the Mandarinfish Synchiropus splendidus.

ABSTRACT: The mandarinfish Synchiropus splendidus is extensively collected in Southeast Asia (mainly in the Philippines) and highly favoured for the marine aquarium trade. Males are more popular than females for their large first dorsal fins and the fishery is not managed. To examine possible population replenishment dynamics arising as a result of selective fishing, the effects of sex-selective fishing on sex ratios and population connectivity were considered. This study determined the sex ratios and analyzed the population genetic structure from mandarinfish collected at six locations: one from Palau, where the species is not exploited, and five from Bohol in the Philippines, where the species has long been heavily fished. The findings reported very low male to female ratios (0.12 to 0.30) from four of the five locations in Bohol, with relatively more males to females in the specimens collected from Palau (2.3). The analyses from allozymes (43 alleles from 10 loci) and microsatellites (118 alleles from 5 loci) revealed that genetic connectivity was high among the five locations in the Philippines as well as with the specimens collected from the more-distant Palau. The genetic homogeneity observed across the geographical range considered is inconsistent with the hypothesized limited dispersal ability of the species and could be explained by recent species range expansion associated with sea level rise in the region. The results suggest that the present genetic structure, at least in the geographic region considered, may not be determined by current patterns of gene flow, but may, instead, be driven by recent sea-level changes associated with periods of glaciation. Caution is suggested to ensure that heavily localized fishing does not produce excessively biased adult sex ratios.

SUBMITTER: Leung PTY

PROVIDER: S-EPMC8181157 | biostudies-literature |

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Project description:Praziquantel (PZQ) is a drug commonly utilized to treat both human schistosomiasis and some parasitic infections and infestations in animals. In the aquarium industry, PZQ can be administered in a "bath" to treat the presence of ectoparasites on both the gills and skin of fish and elasmobranchs. In order to fully treat an infestation, the bath treatment has to maintain therapeutic levels of PZQ over a period of days or weeks. It has long been assumed that, once administered, PZQ is stable in a marine environment throughout the treatment interval and must be mechanically removed, but no controlled experiments have been conducted to validate that claim. This study aimed to determine if PZQ would break down naturally within a marine aquarium below its 2 ppm therapeutic level during a typical 30-day treatment: and if so, does the presence of fish or the elimination of all living biological material impact the degradation of PZQ? Three 650 L marine aquarium systems, each containing 12 fish (French grunts: Haemulon flavolineatum), and three 650 L marine aquariums each containing no fish were treated with PZQ (2 ppm) and concentrations were measured daily for 30 days. After one round of treatment, the PZQ was no longer detectable in any system after 8 (±1) days. The subsequent two PZQ treatments yielded even faster PZQ breakdown (non-detectable after 2 days and 2 ± 1 day, respectively) with slight variations between systems. Linear mixed effects models of the data indicate that day and trial most impact PZQ degradation, while the presence of fish was not a factor in the best-fit models. In a completely sterilized marine system (0.5 L) PZQ concentration remained unchanged over 15 days, suggesting that PZQ may be stable in a marine system during this time period. The degradation observed in non-sterile marine systems in this study may be microbial in nature. This work should be taken into consideration when providing PZQ bath treatments to marine animals to ensure maximum drug administration.

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Population Genetic Structure of A Marine Pelagic Egg Producer and Popular Marine Aquarium Species, the Mandarinfish Synchiropus splendidus.

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