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Phylogeography of Triplophysa stenura (Nemacheilidae): Responded to the Mid-Pleistocene Climate Transition in the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau.

ABSTRACT: Pleistocene climatic oscillations have greatly influenced the evolutionary histories and distribution patterns of most extant species. In this study, the phylogeographic patterns and evolutionary history of Triplophysa stenura were investigated. A total of 359 individuals from 19 locations covering the species' distribution range were collected, and two mitochondrial genes (COI and Cyt b) and the recombination activating protein 1 gene (Rag1) were analyzed. Two deeply divergent lineages, corresponding geographically to the northern and southern Tanggula Mountain, were observed, and shallow divergences were found within the southern and central Qinghai-Tibetan plateau (QTP). The estimated divergence time between the northern and southern Tanggula lineages was around 1.07 Mya. Within the southern Tanggula Mountain lineages, the Nu and Subansiri rivers populations were split about 0.74 Mya, and the southwestern and central QTP populations were divided with the southeastern QTP ones approximately 0.67 Mya. The divergence times of the lineages were matched with two major glaciations in QTP (the Xixiabangma Glaciation, 1.17-0.80 Mya and Kunlun Glaciation, 0.72-0.62 Mya). Together with demographic history analyses, our results highlighted that major glacial cycles during the mid-Pleistocene played a major role in sculpting the distribution pattern of T. stenura, and led to the gene homogenization crossing the drainage populations in the southwestern and central QTP.

SUBMITTER: Hu J

PROVIDER: S-EPMC8181159 | biostudies-literature |

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Project description:BackgroundAlthough allopatric speciation is viewed as the most common way in which species originate, allopatric divergence among a group of closely related species has rarely been examined at the population level through phylogeographic analysis. Here we report such a case study on eight putative cypress (Cupressus) species, which each have a mainly allopatric distribution in the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau (QTP) and adjacent regions. The analysis involved sequencing three plastid DNA fragments (trnD-trnT, trnS-trnG and trnL-trnF) in 371 individuals sampled from populations at 66 localities.ResultsBoth phylogenetic and network analyses showed that most DNA haplotypes recovered or haplotype-clustered lineages resolved were largely species-specific. Across all species, significant phylogeographic structure (N(ST) > G(ST), P < 0.05) implied a high correlation between haplotypes/lineages and geographic distribution. Two species, C. duclouxiana and C. chengiana, which are distributed in the eastern QTP region, contained more haplotypes and higher diversity than five species with restricted distributions in the western highlands of the QTP. The remaining species, C. funebris, is widely cultivated and contained very little cpDNA diversity.ConclusionsIt is concluded that the formation of high mountain barriers separating deep valleys in the QTP and adjacent regions caused by various uplifts of the plateau since the early Miocene most likely promoted allopatric divergence in Cupressus by restricting gene flow and fixing local, species-specific haplotypes in geographically isolated populations. The low levels of intraspecific diversity present in most species might stem from population bottlenecks brought about by recurrent periods of unfavorable climate and more recently by the negative impacts of human activities on species' distributions. Our findings shed new light on the importance of geographical isolation caused by the uplift of the QTP on the development of high plant species diversity in the QTP biodiversity hotspot.

Project description:AimThe evolutionary process of an organism provides valuable data toward an understanding of the Earth evolution history. To investigate the relationship between the uplift of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau (QTP) and mammalian evolution since the late Cenozoic, the geographic distribution of genetic variations in the Tibetan hamster Cricetulus kamensis was investigated using phylogeographical methods. In particular, population divergence, demographic history, genetic variation, and the prediction of species distribution area were investigated.LocationThe Qinghai-Tibet Plateau.MethodsA total of 53 specimens, representing 13 geographic populations, were collected from the QTP. The phylogeographical pattern and demographic history of C. kamensis were analyzed, and the probable factors in the QTP uplift and the Quaternary glacial periods were inferred from one nuclear and four mitochondrial genes. Furthermore, the species distribution model (SDM) was used to predict changes in potentially suitable habitats since the last Interglacial.ResultsPhylogenetic analysis demonstrated that two major genetic differentiations of the C. kamensis population occurred during the Early Pleistocene that were influenced by the Qing-Zang tectonic movement from the Middle Pliocene to the Early Pleistocene. Genetic distance between two major clades indicated low genetic divergence. Demographic history analysis showed that the C. kamensis population was affected by the Quaternary glacial period. SDM analysis indicated that C. kamensis was endemic to the QTP and the suitable habitat was affected by climate change, especially during the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM).Main conclusionOur results indicated that the QTP uplift led to the population divergence of C. kamensis, and vicariance well accounted for the geographic distribution of genetic variation in C. kamensis as a result of genetic divergence and lack of gene flow. The genetic distance shows that C. alticola may be a subspecies of C. kamensis. Demographic history analysis suggests that the QTP was affected by the last glacial period. SDM analysis supports that almost the entire QTP is covered by a huge ice sheet during the LGM.

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Phylogeography of Triplophysa stenura (Nemacheilidae): Responded to the Mid-Pleistocene Climate Transition in the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau.

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