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Preoperative Cardiopulmonary Exercise Test Associated with Postoperative Outcomes in Patients Undergoing Cancer Surgery: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analyses.

ABSTRACT:

Backgrounds

There is mixed evidence on the value of preoperative cardiorespiratory exercise test (CPET) to predict postoperative outcomes in patients undergoing a cancer surgical procedure. The purpose of this review was to investigate the association between preoperative CPET variables and postoperative complications, length of hospital stay, and quality of life in patients undergoing cancer surgery.

Methods

A search was conducted on MEDLINE, Embase, AMED, and Web of science from inception to April 2020. Cohort studies investigating the association between preoperative CPET variables, including peak oxygen uptake (peak VO₂), anaerobic threshold (AT), or ventilatory equivalent for carbon dioxide (V_E/V_CO2), and postoperative outcomes (complications, length of stay, and quality of life) were included. Risk of bias was assessed using the QUIPS tool. A random-effect model meta-analysis was performed whenever possible.

Results

Fifty-two unique studies, including 10,030 patients were included. Overall, most studies were rated as having low risk of bias. Higher preoperative peak VO₂ was associated with absence of postoperative complications (mean difference [MD]: 2.28; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.26-3.29) and no pulmonary complication (MD: 1.47; 95% CI: 0.49-2.45). Preoperative AT and V_E/V_CO2 also demonstrated some positive trends. None of the included studies reported a negative trend.

Conclusions

This systematic review and meta-analysis demonstrated a significant association between superior preoperative CPET values, especially peak VO₂, and better postoperative outcomes. The assessment of preoperative functional capacity in patients undergoing cancer surgery has the potential to facilitate treatment decision making.

SUBMITTER: Steffens D

PROVIDER: S-EPMC8186024 | biostudies-literature |

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Project description:BackgroundPreoperative anaemia is associated with elevated risks of postoperative complications. This association may be explained by confounding related to poor cardiopulmonary fitness. We conducted a pre-specified substudy of the Measurement of Exercise Tolerance before Surgery (METS) study to examine the associations of preoperative haemoglobin concentration with preoperative cardiopulmonary exercise testing performance (peak oxygen consumption, anaerobic threshold) and postoperative complications.MethodsThe substudy included a nested cross-sectional analysis and nested cohort analysis. In the cross-sectional study (1279 participants), multivariate linear regression modelling was used to determine the adjusted association of haemoglobin concentration with peak oxygen consumption and anaerobic threshold. In the nested cohort study (1256 participants), multivariable logistic regression modelling was used to determine the adjusted association of haemoglobin concentration, peak oxygen consumption, and anaerobic threshold with the primary endpoint (composite outcome of death, cardiovascular complications, acute kidney injury, or surgical site infection) and secondary endpoint (moderate or severe complications).ResultsHaemoglobin concentration explained 3.8% of the variation in peak oxygen consumption and anaerobic threshold (P<0.001). Although not associated with the primary endpoint, haemoglobin concentration was associated with moderate or severe complications after adjustment for peak oxygen consumption (odds ratio=0.86 per 10 g L-1 increase; 95% confidence interval, 0.77-0.96) or anaerobic threshold (odds ratio=0.86; 95% confidence interval, 0.77-0.97). Lower peak oxygen consumption was associated with moderate or severe complications without effect modification by haemoglobin concentration (P=0.12).ConclusionHaemoglobin concentration explains a small proportion of variation in exercise capacity. Both anaemia and poor functional capacity are associated with postoperative complications and may therefore be modifiable targets for preoperative optimisation.

Project description:BackgroundExercise capacity should be determined in all patients undergoing lung resection for lung cancer surgery and cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPET) remains the gold standard. The purpose of this study was to investigate associations between preoperative CPET and postoperative outcomes in patients undergoing lung resection surgery for lung cancer through a review of the existing literature.MethodsA search was conducted on PubMed, Scopus, Cochrane Library and CINAHL from inception until December 2022. Studies investigating associations between preoperative CPET and postoperative outcomes were included. Risk of bias was assessed using the QUIPS tool. A random effect model meta-analysis was performed. I2 > 40% indicated a high level of heterogeneity.ResultsThirty-seven studies were included with 6450 patients. Twenty-eight studies had low risk of bias. [Formula: see text] peak is the oxygen consumption at peak exercise and serves as a marker of cardiopulmonary fitness. Higher estimates of [Formula: see text] peak, measured and as a percentagege of predicted, showed significant associations with a lower risk of mortality [MD: 3.66, 95% CI: 0.88; 6.43 and MD: 16.49, 95% CI: 6.92; 26.07] and fewer complications [MD: 2.06, 95% CI: 1.12; 3.00 and MD: 9.82, 95% CI: 5.88; 13.76]. Using a previously defined cutoff value of > 15mL/kg/min for [Formula: see text] peak, showed evidence of decreased odds of mortality [OR: 0.55, 95% CI: 0.28-0.81] and but not decreased odds of postoperative morbidity [OR: 0.82, 95% CI: 0.64-1.00]. There was no relationship between [Formula: see text] slope, which depicts ventilatory efficiency, with mortality [MD: -9.60, 95% CI: -27.74; 8.54] however, patients without postoperative complications had a lower preoperative [Formula: see text] [MD: -2.36, 95% CI: -3.01; -1.71]. Exercise load and anaerobic threshold did not correlate with morbidity or mortality. There was significant heterogeneity between studies.ConclusionsEstimates of cardiopulmonary fitness as evidenced by higher [Formula: see text] peak, measured and as a percentage of predicted, were associated with decreased morbidity and mortality. A cutoff value of [Formula: see text] peak > 15mL/kg/min was consistent with improved survival but not with fewer complications. Ventilatory efficiency was associated with decreased postoperative morbidity but not with improved survival. The heterogeneity in literature could be remedied with large scale, prospective, blinded, standardised research to improve preoperative risk stratification in patients with lung cancer scheduled for lung resection surgery.

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Project description:BackgroundPreoperative anemia is common in cardiac surgery, yet there were limited data describing the role of sex in the associations between anemia and clinical outcomes. Understanding these relationships may guide preoperative optimization efforts.MethodsThis is an observational cohort study of adults undergoing isolated coronary artery bypass grafting or single- or double-valve surgery from 2008 to 2018 at a large tertiary medical center. Multivariable regression assessed the associations between preoperative hemoglobin concentrations and a primary outcome of postoperative acute kidney injury (AKI) and secondary outcomes of perioperative red blood cell (RBC) transfusion, reoperation, vascular complications (ie, stroke, pulmonary embolism, and myocardial infarction), and hospital length of stay (LOS). Each outcome was a single regression model, using interaction terms to assess sex-specific associations between hemoglobin and outcome.ResultsA total of 4117 patients were included (57% men). Linear splines with sex-specific knots (13 g/dL in women and 14 g/dL in men) provided the best overall fit for preoperative hemoglobin and outcome relationships. In women, each 1 g/dL decrease in hemoglobin <13 g/dL was associated with increased odds of AKI (odds ratio = 1.49; 95% confidence interval [CI], [1.23-1.81]; P < .001), and there was no significant association between hemoglobin per 1 g/dL >13 g/dL and AKI (0.90 [0.56-1.45]; P = .67). The association between hemoglobin and AKI in men did not meet statistical significance (1.10 [0.99-1.22]; P = .076, per 1 g/dL decrease <14 g/dL; 1.00 [0.79-1.26]; P = .98 for hemoglobin per 1 g/dL >14 g/dL). In women, lower preoperative hemoglobin (per 1 g/dL decrease <13 g/dL) was associated with increased odds of RBC transfusion (2.90 [2.33-3.60]; P < .001), reoperation (1.27 [1.11-1.45]; P < .001) and a longer hospital LOS (multiplicative increase in geometric mean 1.05 [1.03-1.07]; P < .001). In men, preoperative hemoglobin (per 1 g/dL decrease <14 g/dL) was associated with increased odds of perioperative RBCs (2.56 [2.27-2.88]; P < .001) and longer hospital LOS (multiplicative increase in geometric mean 1.02 [1.01-1.04] days; P < .001) but not reoperation (0.94 [0.85-1.04]; P = .256). Preoperative hemoglobin per 1 g/dL >13 g/dL in women and 14 g/dL in men were associated with lower odds of RBCs transfusion (0.57 [0.47-0.69]; P < .001 and 0.74 [0.60-0.91]; P = .005, respectively).ConclusionsPreoperative anemia was associated with inferior clinical outcomes after cardiac surgery. The associations between hemoglobin and outcomes were distinct for women and men, with different spline knot points identified (13 and 14 g/dL, respectively). Clinicians should consider data-driven approaches to determine preoperative hemoglobin values associated with increasing risk for adverse perioperative outcomes across sexes.

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