Soil arsenic but not rice arsenic increasing with arsenic in irrigation water in the Punjab plains of Pakistan.
Ontology highlight
ABSTRACT: Aim
Irrigating rice with groundwater can lead to As accumulation in soil and rice grains. Matched sets of irrigation water, paddy soil, and rice grains were collected to assess the scale of the problem in the Punjab plains of Pakistan.Methods
From a total of 60 sites, irrigation water and rice grains as well as 103 soil samples were collected and analyzed in the laboratory. Irrigation water and 660 soil samples were also analyzed in the field using a field kit.Results
Concentrations of As in irrigation water (65±32 μg/L) are higher in the floodplain of the Ravi River compared to the Chenab (13±9 μg/L) and Jhelum (4±5 μg/L) rivers, as well as the intervening Rechna (6±6 μg/L) and Chaj doabs (0.8±0.2 μg/L). Area-weighted mean soil As concentrations are 12±3 mg/kg along the Ravi, 8.9±2 and 8.1±2 mg/kg along the Chenab and Jhelum, respectively, and 6.2±0.2 mg/kg within the Rachna and 6.1±0.1 mg/kg in Chaj doabs. The As content of polished grains export-quality basmati rice of 0.09±0.05 mg/kg, however, is low across the entire area.Conclusions
Groundwater irrigation leads to elevated As concentrations in paddy soil of some rice-growing regions of Punjab but does not result in increased uptake of As in basmati rice grains.
SUBMITTER: Javed A
PROVIDER: S-EPMC8188821 | biostudies-literature |
REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature
Similar Datasets
Project description:RNA from stem containing first node and internodes during dough stage was considered for the above purpose. Satabdi, (popularly known as Minikit) most popular cultivar of West Bengal and Palman, another high yielding variety were considered for microarray analysis for comparison to each other. Two rice genotypes were grown in identical conditions (same field with contaminated ground water) to obtain the most meaningful conclusion. Dough stage was considered as variation in arsenic accumulation among the genotypes starts during dough stage to maturity. Plant tissues were collected from stem for transcriptomic analysis as expression profiling of such tissue in response to arsenic would be most useful as arsenic transport/loading in grain was assumed to be controlled by arsenic translocation behavior at inter vascular level or from xylem to phloem. Satabdi accumulates more than twice of arsenic in brown rice (0.346 mg/kg) than that of Palman (0.156 mg/kg) whereas accumulation in straw (2.07 mg/kg) was approximately less than half of the Palman (4.491 mg/kg)
2014-01-17 | E-MTAB-2106 | biostudies-arrayexpress
Project description:Rice is the primary crop in Bangladesh and rice yield is diminished due to the buildup of arsenic (As) in soil from irrigation with high-As groundwater. Soil testing with an inexpensive kit could help farmers target high-As soil for mitigation or decide to switch to a different crop that is less sensitive to As in soil. A total of 3,240 field kit measurements of As in 0.5 g of fresh soil added to 50 mL of water were compared with total soil As concentrations measured on oven-dried homogenized soil by X-ray fluorescence (XRF). For sets of 12 soil samples collected within a series of rice fields, the average of kit As measurements was a linear function of the average of XRF measurements (r2=0.69). Taking into account that the kit overestimates water As concentrations by about a factor of two, the relationship suggests that about a quarter of the As in paddy soil is released in the kit's reaction vessel. Using the relationship and considering XRF measurements as the reference, the 12-sample average determined correctly whether soil As was above or below a 30 mg/kg threshold in 86% of cases where soil As was above the threshold and in 79% of cases where soil As was below the threshold. We also used a Bayesian approach using 12 kit measurements to estimate the probability that soil As was above a given threshold indicated by XRF measurements. The Bayesian approach is theoretically optimal but was only slightly more accurate than the linear regression. These results show that rice farmers can identify high-As portions of their fields for mitigation using a dozen field kit measurements on fresh soil and base their decisions on this information.
| S-EPMC7643838 | biostudies-literature
Project description:BackgroundArsenic bioaccumulation in rice is a global concern affecting food security and public health.ObjectiveThe present study examined arsenic species in rice in Cambodia to characterize health risks with rice consumption and to clarify uncertainties with Codex guidelines.MethodsThe present study collected 61 well water samples, 105 rice samples, 70 soil samples, and conducted interviews with 44 families in Preak Russey near the Bassac River and Kandal Province along the Mekong River in Cambodia. Analyses of metals, total arsenic and arsenic species were conducted in laboratories in Canada, Cambodia and Singapore.ResultsUnlike in Bangladesh, rice with the highest total arsenic concentrations in Cambodia contains mostly organic arsenic, dimethylarsinic acid (DMA), which is unregulated and much less toxic than inorganic arsenic. The present study found that storing surface runoff in ditches prior to irrigation can significantly reduce the arsenic concentration in rice. It is possible to remove > 95% of arsenic from groundwater prior to irrigation with natural reactions.ConclusionsThe provision of high quality drinking water in 2015 to Preak Russey removed about 95% of the dietary inorganic arsenic exposure. The extremes in arsenic toxicity that are still obvious in these farmers should become less common. Rice from the site with the highest documented levels of arsenic in soils and water in Cambodia passes current Codex guidelines for arsenic.Informed consentObtained.Competing interestsThe authors declare no competing financial interests.
| S-EPMC6257176 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Ground water Arsenic toxicity is the global problem and millions of people are exposed to elevated levels through drinking water than WHO permiscible limit of 10µg/L. The exposure is associated with various cancerous and non-cancerous diseases. It may alter the gene expression profile of invidual and suppress the activity of various genes giving rise to different diseases. Pakistan, a developing country in South Asian region, also have different areas reported to have elevated Ground water As. levels since 2005. The Present Study aimed to investigate Transcriptome profile of the exposed subjects in two districts of Punjab Province Pakistan. i.e Lahore and Kasur. The population was stratified into three exposure groups comprising Low, Medium and High exposure based on their urinary arsenic levels. We used Agilent Microarrays platform for Transcriptomics analysis and Linear mixed model was used to find differential gene expression associated with Arsenic exposure
2019-12-26 | GSE110852 | GEO
Project description:This study determined the total and speciated arsenic (As) concentrations and other health-related water quality parameters for unraveling the health risk of As from drinking water to humans. Groundwater samples (n = 62) were collected from three previously unexplored rural areas (Chichawatni, Vehari, Rahim Yar Khan) of Punjab in Pakistan. The mean and median As concentrations in groundwater were 37.9 and 12.7 µg·L(-1) (range = 1.5-201 µg·L(-1)). Fifty three percent groundwater samples showed higher As value than WHO safe limit of 10 µg·L(-1). Speciation of As in groundwater samples (n = 13) showed the presence of inorganic As only; arsenite (As(III)) constituted 13%-67% of total As and arsenate (As(V)) ranged from 33% to 100%. For As health risk assessment, the hazard quotient and cancer risk values were 11-18 and 46-600 times higher than the recommended values of US-EPA (i.e., 1.00 and 10(-6), respectively). In addition to As, various water quality parameters (e.g., electrical conductivity, Na, Ca, Cl(-), NO₃(-), SO₄(2-), Fe, Mn, Pb) also enhanced the health risk. The results show that consumption of As-contaminated groundwater poses an emerging health threat to the communities in the study area, and hence needs urgent remedial and management measures.
| S-EPMC4626974 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Ground water Arsenic (As) toxicity is a global problem and millions of people are exposed to elevated levels (more than WHO advised maximum limit of 10µg/L) through drinking water. The exposure is associated with various cancerous and non-cancerous diseases. It may alter DNA methylation profiles of inviduals and suppress the activity of various genes giving rise to different diseases. Pakistan, a developing country in South Asian region, also has reported elevated ground water As levels in various investigations since 2005. However, a very limited biomonitoring studies have been conducted in this context while no study reports molecular changes associated with drinking water As exposure in Pakistan. Within this context, the present study aimed to investigate genome-wide DNA methylation profiles of the exposed subjects in two districts of Punjab Province Pakistan, i.e Lahore and Kasur. The population was stratified into three exposure groups comprising Low, Medium and High exposure based on their urinary arsenic levels. Genome-wide DNA methylation profiles were obtained using MeDIP in combination with NimbleGen 2.1M Deluxe Promotor arrays.
2021-10-27 | GSE157111 | GEO
Project description:Meloidogyne graminicola threatens global rice production, yet is understudied for many areas where it is cultivated. To better understand the prevalence and incidence of M. graminicola in central Punjab, Pakistan, we carried out field surveys of rice fields in the districts of Faisalabad and Chiniot. M. graminicola isolates were recovered from soil and root samples and identified on the basis of perineal patterns and rDNA ITS-based sequencing. The severity of nematode attack on rice roots and infested fields at various locations was based on galling index, root-knot nematode juveniles per root system, juveniles per 100 ml of soil, and prevalence of stylet-bearing nematodes and non-stylet-bearing nematodes. Maximum prevalence (22.5 and 27.5%) and minimum prevalence (17.5 and 20%) of M. graminicola was observed in Chiniot and Faisalabad, respectively. Eleven alternate host-plant species were examined in this study revealing varying degrees of M. graminicola infestation. ITS sequencing and phylogenetic analysis indicated that isolates from this study form a well-resolved clade with others from Asia, while another isolate falls outside of this clade in an unresolved polytomy with those from Europe and South America. Though monophyletic with the other M. graminicola, the isolates from Pakistan are distinguished by their high genetic variability and long branch lengths relative to the other isolates of M. graminicola, suggesting Pakistan as a possible ancestral area. Our results indicate that rice is severely attacked by a genetically diverse and aggressive M. graminicola, necessitating the development of appropriate control measures for its management in rice and other graminaceous crops.
| S-EPMC8015280 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Arsenic and uranium in unregulated private wells affect many rural populations across the US. The distribution of these contaminants in the private wells of most American Indian communities is poorly characterized, and seldom studied together. Here, we evaluate the association between drinking water arsenic and uranium levels in wells (n = 441) from three tribal regions in North Dakota and South Dakota participating in the Strong Heart Water Study. Groundwater contamination was extensive; 29% and 7% of wells exceeded maximum contaminant levels for arsenic and uranium respectively. 81% of wells had both arsenic and uranium concentrations at one-tenth of their human-health benchmark (arsenic, 1 μg/L; uranium 3 μg/L). Well arsenic and uranium concentrations were uncorrelated (rs = 0.06); however, there appeared to be a spatial correlation of wells co-contaminated by arsenic and uranium associated with flow along a geologic contact. These findings indicate the importance of measuring multiple metals in well water, and to understand underlying hydrogeological conditions. The underlying mechanisms for the prevalence of arsenic and uranium across Northern Plains Tribal Lands in the US, and in particular the occurrence of both elevated arsenic and uranium in drinking water wells in this region, demands further study.
| S-EPMC8434972 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Arsenic (As) bioavailability in the rice rhizosphere is influenced by many microbial interactions, particularly by metal-transforming functional groups at the root-soil interface. This study was conducted to examine As-transforming microbes and As-speciation in the rice rhizosphere compartments, in response to two different water management practices (continuous and intermittently flooded), established on fields with high to low soil-As concentration. Microbial functional gene composition in the rhizosphere and root-plaque compartments were characterized using the GeoChip 4.0 microarray. Arsenic speciation and concentrations were analyzed in the rhizosphere soil, root-plaque, pore water, and grain samples. Results confirmed several As-biotransformation processes in the rice rhizosphere compartments, and distinct assemblage of As-reducing and methylating bacteria was observed between the root-plaque and rhizosphere. Results confirmed higher potential for microbial As-reduction and As-methylation in continuously flooded, long term As-contaminated fields, which accumulated highest concentrations of AsIII and methyl-As concentrations in pore water and rice grains. Water management treatment significantly altered As-speciation in the rhizosphere, and intermittent flooding reduced methyl-As and AsIII concentrations in the pore water, root-plaque and rice grain. Ordination and taxonomic analysis of detected gene-probes indicated that root-plaque and rhizosphere assembled significantly different microbial functional groups demonstrating niche separation. Taxonomic non-redundancy was evident, suggesting that As-reduction, -oxidation and -methylation processes were performed by different microbial functional groups. It was also evident that As transformation was coupled to different biogeochemical cycling processes (nutrient assimilation, carbon metabolism etc.) in the compartments and between treatments, revealing functional non-redundancy of rice-rhizosphere microbiome in response to local biogeochemical conditions and As contamination. This study provided novel insights on As-biotransformation processes and their implications on As-chemistry at the root-soil interface and their responses to water management, which could be applied for mitigating As-bioavailability and accumulation in rice grains.
| S-EPMC8602891 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Arsenic (As) in groundwater and its accumulation in agricultural produces has caused serious threats to human health. The majority of current research on As mainly focuses on the technical aspects while bypassing the social perspectives. Farmers are the prime stakeholders as well as executors of agricultural strategies, and their adaptation largely depends on how they perceive the risk for which a mitigation strategy is proposed. This study aims to explore how rice and vegetable farmers perceive As accumulation in their rice and vegetables as well as explore current crop- and body-loading status, the subsequent health consequences of As, and alleviation possibilities with mitigation strategies and to investigate if there is an association between their socioeconomic status and their level of perception. Results reveal that one-fourth of the farmers gave a positive message regarding the As-contamination scenario in rice and vegetables. Although 10 farmers' socioeconomic characteristics were positively significant, distinctive emphasis should be given to five predictor variables explaining 88% variances: knowledge, direct participation in farming, information sources used, participant education, and organizational participation. Path analysis depicts that direct participation in farming presents the highest positive total effect (0.855) and direct effect (0.503), whereas information sources show the highest positive indirect effect (0.624). The mean As content in all five locations was statistically significant at the 5%, 5%, 0.1%, 1%, and 1% probability levels in scalp hairs, rice, vegetables, soils, and irrigation water, respectively. The first principal component (PC1) explains 92.5% of the variation. Significant variations were primarily explained by As levels in irrigation water, rice grain, and soil. Farmers' perception is far behind the actual field status of As level and its transfer. Therefore, intensified priorities should be administered on the farmers' characteristics contributing to variances in perception. The findings can be utilized for policy formulation in all As-endemic nations. More multidisciplinary research can be undertaken on farmers' attitude towards adopting As-mitigation techniques, with a focus on the socioeconomic position found to influence farmers' perceptions.
| S-EPMC10049387 | biostudies-literature