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Co-existing "spear-and-shield" air filter: Anchoring proteinaceous pathogen and self-sterilized nanocoating for combating viral pandemic.

ABSTRACT: Infectious pollutants bioaerosols can threaten human public health. In particular, the indoor environment provides a unique exposure situation to induce infection through airborne transmission like SARS-CoV-2. To prevent the infection from spreading, personal protective equipment or indoor air purification is necessary. However, it has been discovered that the conventional filter can become contaminated by pathogen-containing aerosols, meaning that advanced filtering and self-sterilization systems are required. Here, we fabricate a multilayered nanocoating around the fabric using laponite (LAP) with Cu²⁺ ions (LAP-Cu²⁺ nanocoating) two contradictory functions in one system: trapping proteinaceous pathogens and antibacterial effect. Due to the strong LAP-protein interaction, albumin and spike protein (S-protein) are trapped into the fabric when proteins are sprayed using a nebulizer. The protein-blocking performance of the nanocoated fabric is 9.55-fold higher than bare fabric. These trapping capacities are retained after rinsing and repeated adsorption cycles, showing reproducibility for air filtration. Even though the protein-binding occurred, the LAP-Cu²⁺ fabric indicates antibacterial effect. LAP-Cu²⁺ fabric has an equivalent air and water transmittance rate to that of bare fabric with a stability under physiological environment. Therefore, given its excellent "Spear-and-shield" functions, the proposed LAP-Cu²⁺ fabric shows great potential for use in filter and masks during the viral pandemic.

SUBMITTER: Choi D

PROVIDER: S-EPMC8192840 | biostudies-literature |

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Project description:Despite compelling evidence linking voluntary medical male circumcision (VMMC) with 60-70% HIV risk reduction in sub-Saharan Africa, Zambian men have been especially reluctant to undergo VMMC. The Government of Zambia set targets for VMMC uptake and promoted community-level interventions. Spear & Shield (S&S) is an innovative, evidence-based, service program promoting VMMC uptake while ensuring both VMMC supply and demand. This study assessed the large-scale provincial rollout of the program (S&S2) utilizing the RE-AIM model for translating interventions into the community. The S&S2 study was conducted between November 2015 and December 2020, and sequentially rolled out over four Zambian provinces in 96 clinics; 24 observation clinics received VMMC training only. Local clinic healthcare workers were trained to conduct the VMMC procedure and HIV counselors were trained to lead S&S group sessions. Using the RE-AIM model, primary outcomes were: Reach, the number, proportion, and representativeness of S&S attendees; Effectiveness, the impact of S&S2 on VMMC uptake; Adoption, the number, proportion, and representativeness of clinics implementing S&S2; Implementation, fidelity to the S&S intervention manual; and Maintenance, the extent to which S&S2 became an element of standard care within community clinics. Initially, n = 109 clinics were recruited; 96 were sustained and randomized for activation (Adoption). A total of 45,630 clinic patients (n = 23,236 men and n = 22,394 women) volunteered to attend the S&S sessions (Reach). The S&S2 program ran over 2,866 clinic-months (Implementation). Although the study did not target individual-level VMMCs, ~58,301 additional VMMCs were conducted at the clinic level (Effectiveness). Fidelity to the S&S intervention by group leaders ranged from 42%-95%. Sustainability of the program was operationalized as the number of CHCs initially activated that sustained the program. Intervention delivery ended, however, when study funding ceased (Maintenance). The S&S2 program successfully utilized the RE-AIM model to achieve study goals for implementation and dissemination in four Zambian provinces. Innovative VMMC programs such as S&S2 can improve the uptake of VMMC, one of the most effective strategies in the HIV prevention arsenal.

Project description:BackgroundVoluntary medical male circumcision (VMMC) is an important HIV prevention strategy, particularly in regions with high HIV incidence and low rates of male circumcision. However, 88% of the Zambian male population remain uncircumcised, and of these 80% of men surveyed expressed little interest in undergoing VMMC.MethodsThe Spear and Shield study (consisting of 4 weekly, 90-minute sexual risk reduction/VMMC promotion sessions) recruited and enrolled men (N = 800) who self-identified as at risk of HIV by seeking HIV testing and counseling at community health centers. Eligible men tested HIV-negative, were uncircumcised, and expressed no interest in VMMC. Participants were encouraged (but not required) to invite their female partners (N = 668) to participate in the program in a gender-concordant intervention matched to their partners'. Men completed assessments at baseline, post-intervention (about 2 months after baseline), and 6 and 12 months post-intervention; women completed assessments at baseline and post-intervention. For those men who underwent VMMC and for their partners, an additional assessment was conducted 3 months following the VMMC. The ancillary analysis in this article compared the pre- and post-VMMC responses of the 257 Zambian men who underwent circumcision during or following study participation, using growth curve analyses, as well as of the 159 female partners.ResultsMen were satisfied overall with the procedure (mean satisfaction score, 8.4 out of 10), and nearly all men (96%) and women (94%) stated they would recommend VMMC to others. Approximately half of the men reported an increase or no change in erections, orgasms, and time to achieve orgasms from pre-VMMC, while one-third indicated fewer erections and orgasms and decreased time to achieve orgasms post-VMMC. Nearly half (42%) of the men, and a greater proportion (63%) of the female partners, said their sexual pleasure increased while 22% of the men reported less sexual pleasure post-VMMC. Growth curve analysis of changes in sexual functioning and satisfaction over time revealed no changes in erectile functioning or intercourse satisfaction, but there were increases in orgasm functioning, overall sexual satisfaction, and sexual desire. The majority (61% to 70%) of men and women thought penile cleanliness and appearance had improved post-VMMC. Of the 69% of men who reported having sexual intercourse at least once between having the procedure and their 3-month post-VMMC assessment, the large majority (76%) waited at least 6 weeks before resuming sex. Sexual intercourse prior to the 6-week healing period was associated with adverse events and lower levels of post-VMMC sexual satisfaction.ConclusionBoth men and their partners can generally expect equal or improved sexual satisfaction and penile hygiene following VMMC. Future studies should consider innovative strategies to assist men in their efforts to abstain from sexual activities prior to complete healing.

Project description:Widespread voluntary medical male circumcision in Africa could avert an estimated 3·436 million HIV infections and 300,000 deaths over the next 10 years. Most Zambian men have expressed little interest in the procedure. We tested the effect of the Spear and Shield intervention designed to increase demand for voluntary medical male circumcision among these hard-to-reach men.This cluster randomised controlled trial was done between Feb 1, 2012, and Oct 31, 2014, in Lusaka, Zambia, where HIV prevalence is 20·8%. 13 community health centres were stratified by HIV voluntary counselling and testing rates and patient census, and randomly assigned (5:5:3) to experimental (the intervention), control, or observation-only conditions. Community health centre health-care providers at all 13 sites received training in voluntary medical male circumcision. Eligible participants were aged at least 18 years, HIV-negative, uncircumcised, and had not proactively requested or planned for voluntary medical male circumcision at the time of enrolment. Trial statisticians did not participate in randomisation. After voluntary counselling and HIV testing, participants were recruited; female partners were invited to participate. The primary outcomes at the individual level were the likelihood of voluntary medical male circumcision by 12 months post-intervention, and condom use after voluntary medical male circumcision among participants receiving the intervention. The trial is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, number NCT01688167.800 uncircumcised HIV-negative men (400 in the experimental group, 400 in the control group) were enrolled. 161 participants in the experimental group and 96 in the control group had voluntary medical male circumcision (adjusted odds ratio 2·45, 95% CI 1·24-4·90; p=0·02). Condom use was examined in participants who had voluntary medical male circumcision and reported sexual activity within 1 month of a post-circumcision assessment (88 in the experimental group and 64 in the control group). Condom use over time increased in the experimental group (p=0·03) but not in the control group (p=0·2). One patient died in each group; no adverse events related to study participation were reported.Comprehensive HIV prevention programmes can increase the demand for and uptake of voluntary medical male circumcision services.US National Institutes of Health/National Institute of Mental Health (R01MH095539).

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Co-existing "spear-and-shield" air filter: Anchoring proteinaceous pathogen and self-sterilized nanocoating for combating viral pandemic.

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