Secondary Effects of Hypochlorite Treatment on the Emerging Pollutant Candesartan: The Formation of Degradation Byproducts and Their Toxicological Profiles.
Ontology highlight
ABSTRACT:
SUBMITTER: Luongo G
PROVIDER: S-EPMC8200957 | biostudies-literature |
REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature
Similar Datasets
Project description:In recent years, the environmental impact of pharmaceutical residues has emerged as a pressing global concern, catalyzed by their widespread usage and persistence in aquatic ecosystems. Among these pharmaceuticals, acyclovir (ACV) stands out due to its extensive prescription during medical treatments for herpes simplex virus, chickenpox, and shingles, as well as its heightened usage amidst the COVID-19 pandemic. ACV is excreted largely unchanged by the human body, leading to significant environmental release through wastewater effluents. The urgency of addressing ACV's environmental impact lies in its potential to persist in water bodies and affect aquatic life. This persistence underscores the critical need for effective degradation strategies that can mitigate its presence in aquatic systems. This study focuses on employing sodium hypochlorite as an oxidative agent for the degradation of ACV, leveraging its common use in wastewater treatment plants. Our research aims to explore the kinetics of ACV degradation, identify and characterize its degradation byproducts, and optimize the conditions under which complete degradation can be achieved. By assessing the efficiency of sodium hypochlorite in real wastewater samples, this study seeks to provide practical insights into mitigating ACV contamination in aquatic environments. The novelty of this research lies in its comprehensive approach to understanding the degradation pathways of ACV and evaluating the feasibility of using sodium hypochlorite as a sustainable solution in wastewater treatment. By addressing the environmental concerns associated with ACV and offering practical solutions, this study contributes to the broader goal of sustainable pharmaceutical waste management and environmental stewardship.
| S-EPMC11357095 | biostudies-literature
Project description:BACKGROUND:The presence of a wide range of bioactive organic pollutants in wastewater and municipal water sources is raising concerns about their potential effects on humans. Not surprisingly, various approaches are being explored that can efficiently degrade these persistent organic pollutants. Use of peroxidases has recently been recognized as a novel remediation approach that may have potential advantages over conventional degradation techniques. However, testing the abilities of different peroxidases to degrade diverse emerging pollutants is tedious and cumbersome. RESULTS:In the present study, we present a rapid and robust approach to easily test the degradability of 21 different emerging pollutants by five different peroxidases (soybean peroxidase, chloroperoxidase, lactoperoxidase, manganese peroxidase, and horseradish peroxidase) using an LC-MSMS approach. Furthermore, this approach was also used to examine the role of a redox mediator in these enzymatic degradation assays. Our results show that some of the organic pollutants can be easily degraded by all five of the peroxidases tested, whereas others are only degraded by a specific peroxidase (or when a redox mediator was present) and there are some that are completely resistant to degradation by any of the peroxidases tested (even in the presence of a redox mediator). The degradation of furosemide and trimethoprim by soybean peroxidase and chloroperoxidase, respectively, was investigated in detail by examining the transformation products generated during their degradation. Some of the products generated during enzymatic breakdown of these pollutants have been previously reported by others, however, we report many new transformation products. CONCLUSIONS:LC-MSMS approaches, like the one described here, can be used to rapidly evaluate the potential of different peroxidases (and redox requirements) to be used as bioremediation agents. Our preliminary result shows peroxidases hold tremendous potential for being used in a final wastewater treatment step.
| S-EPMC6883607 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Highlights • Formation of disinfection byproducts (DBPs) by NaOCl and PAA washing was compared.• Wash water and lettuce were analyzed for 45 conventional and emerging DBPs.• PAA formed much less chlorinated DBPs than NaOCl in wash water and lettuce.• PAA formed slightly less aldehyde DBPs than NaOCl in wash water and lettuce.• The DBPs formation patterns varied in wash water compared to washed lettuce. Sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) and peracetic acid (PAA) are being used for sanitization in food processing, but their chemical behaviors regarding disinfection byproducts (DBPs) formation during washing processes are still largely unknown. This study compared these two sanitizers in simulated washing processes for fresh-cut lettuce. Different doses of sanitizers were applied, and the wash water and washed lettuce were extracted and analyzed for 45 conventional and emerging DBPs of concern. Overall, washing by PAA generated much less DBPs than washing by NaOCl in both wash water and lettuce. Interestingly, the formation potentials of different groups of DBPs varied considerably in wash water versus in washed lettuce. This study is among the first to compare the two sanitizers for that many DBPs in both produce and wash water. The comprehensive data will facilitate the development of safer produce sanitization processes, and guide further research on DBPs in food.
| S-EPMC6694845 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Octocrylene is an organic sunscreen whose main action is to absorb UVB radiation and short UVA wavelengths; it is used in various cosmetic products in order to provide an adequate sun-protection factor or to protect the cosmetic formulations themselves from UV radiation. This filter is believed to be a possible endocrine disruptor and is also questioned due to its allergic and/or photoallergic potential. However, it continues to be widely used, and it has been found in various environments, not least those of swimming pools, where it is evidently released by consumers, to the point that it is now considered an emerging micropollutant. The present investigation presents the possible chemical fate of octocrylene in the typical chlorination conditions of wastewater or swimming pools. A total of 11 disinfection byproducts were identified, and 6 were identified for the first time, and separated by HPLC. These products were identified through careful mass spectrometry studies and 1D and 2D NMR experiments. A formation mechanism has been proposed that justifies the chemical structures of all of the compounds identified. The ecotoxicological assessment of octocrylene and their products was carried out by employing Phaeodactylum tricornutum, Brachionus plicatilis and Aliivibrio fischeri as bioindicators. The ecotoxicity results reveal that toxic byproducts might be generated during the oxidation process, increasing the potential risk to the marine environment.
| S-EPMC9415856 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Alloys or smelted metal mixtures have served as cornerstones of human civilization. The advent of smelted copper and tin, i.e., bronze, in the 4th millennium B.C. in Mesopotamia has pioneered the preparation of other metal composites, such as brass (i.e., mixture of copper and zinc), since the bronze age. The contemporary use of these alloys has expanded beyond using their physical strength. The catalytic chemistry of micron-scale brass or copper-zinc alloy can be utilized to effectively degrade emerging contaminants (ECs) in water, which are presenting significant risks to human health and wildlife. Here, we examine the photocatalytic activity of a commercially available micro-copper-zinc alloy (KDF® 55, MicroCuZn), made with earth abundant metals, for oxidative removal of two ECs. The micron-scale brass is independently characterized for its morphology, which confirms that it has the β-brass phase and that its plasmonic response is around 475 nm. Estriol (E3), a well-known EC, is removed from water with ultraviolet (UV) radiation catalyzed by MicroCuZn and H2O2-MicroCuZn combinations. The synergy between H2O2, UV, and MicroCuZn enhances hydroxyl radical (˙OH) generation and exhibit a strong pseudo-first-order kinetic degradation of E3 with a decay constant of 1.853 × 10-3 min-1 (r 2 = 0.999). Generation of ˙OH is monitored with N,N-dimethyl-4-nitrosoaniline (pNDA) and terephthalic acid (TA), which are effective ˙OH scavengers. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy analysis has confirmed ZnO/CuO-Cu2O film formation after UV irradiation. The second EC studied here is Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol or THC, a psychotropic compound commonly consumed through recreational or medicinal use of marijuana. The exceptionally high solids-water partitioning propensity of THC makes adsorption the dominant removal mechanism, with photocatalysis potentially supporting the removal efficacy of this compound. These results indicate that MicroCuZn can be a promising oxidative catalyst especially for degradation of ECs, with possible reusability of this historically significant material with environmentally-friendly attributes.
| S-EPMC9057414 | biostudies-literature
Project description:BACKGROUND:The association between exposure to particle mass and mortality is well established; however, there are still uncertainties as to whether certain chemical components are more harmful than others. Moreover, understanding the health effects associated with exposure to pollutant mixtures may lead to new regulatory strategies. OBJECTIVES:Recently we have introduced a new approach that uses cluster analysis to identify distinct air pollutant mixtures by classifying days into groups based on their pollutant concentration profiles. In Boston during the years 1999-2009, we examined whether the effect of PM2.5 on total mortality differed by distinct pollution mixtures. METHODS:We applied a time series analysis to examine the association of PM2.5 with daily deaths. Subsequently, we included an interaction term between PM2.5 and the pollution mixture clusters. RESULTS:We found a 1.1% increase (95% CI: 0.0, 2.2) and 2.3% increase (95% CI: 0.9-3.7) in total mortality for a 10 ?g/m(3) increase in the same day and the two-day average of PM2.5 respectively. The association is larger in a cluster characterized by high concentrations of the elements related to primary traffic pollution and oil combustion emissions with a 3.7% increase (95% CI: 0.4, 7.1) in total mortality, per 10 ?g/m(3) increase in the same day average of PM2.5. CONCLUSIONS:Our study shows a higher association of PM2.5 on total mortality during days with a strong contribution of traffic emissions, and fuel oil combustion. Our proposed method to create multi-pollutant profiles is robust, and provides a promising tool to identify multi-pollutant mixtures which can be linked to the health effects.
| S-EPMC4383187 | biostudies-literature
Project description:In this study, a new degradation path of sunscreen active ingredient, 2-ethylhexyl-4-methoxycinnamate (EHMC) and 4-methoxycinnamic acid (MCA) in the presence of sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl), was discussed. The reaction products were detected using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Since HOCl treatment leads to more polar products than EHMC, application of polar extracting agents, dichloromethane and ethyl acetate/n-hexane mixture, gave better results in terms of chlorinated breakdown products identification than n-hexane. Reaction of EHMC with HOCl lead to the formation of C=C bridge cleavage products such as 2-ethylhexyl chloroacetate, 1-chloro-4-methoxybenzene, 1,3-dichloro-2-methoxybenzene, and 3-chloro-4-methoxybenzaldehyde. High reactivity of C=C bond attached to benzene ring is also characteristic for MCA, since it can be converted in the presence of HOCl to 2,4-dichlorophenole, 2,6-dichloro-1,4-benzoquinone, 1,3-dichloro-2-methoxybenzene, 1,2,4-trichloro-3-methoxybenzene, 2,4,6-trichlorophenole, and 3,5-dichloro-2-hydroxyacetophenone. Surprisingly, in case of EHMC/HOCl/UV, much less breakdown products were formed compared to non-UV radiation treatment. In order to describe the nature of EHMC and MCA degradation, local reactivity analysis based on the density functional theory (DFT) was performed. Fukui function values showed that electrophilic attack of HOCl to the C=C bridge in EHMC and MCA is highly favorable (even more preferable than phenyl ring chlorination). This suggests that HOCl electrophilic addition is probably the initial step of EHMC degradation.
| S-EPMC4713459 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Chlorination–derived byproducts of the emerging contaminant metformin, such as 3,3-CDTA and NCDC, occurring in global waters are toxic to biota, be it from bacteria to mice. However, the underlying toxicological mechanisms remain unknown. Here, we explored the toxicological effects and underlying molecular mechanisms of 3,3-CDTA and NCDC at milligram levels using Escherichia coli as a model organism. Compared with metformin (>300 mg/L), 3,3-CDTA and NCDC exerted stronger toxicity to E. coli with the 4-h IC50 of 2.97 mg/L and 75.7 mg/L, respectively. Both byproducts disrupted E. coli cellular structures and components, decreased membrane potential and adenosine triphosphate (ATP) biosynthesis, and produced excessive reactive oxidative species (ROSs), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and catalase. Proteomics analysis and molecular docking not only supported these biomarker responses in the byproduct-treated E. coli and indicated possible the damage of DNA/RNA process but also presented a novel insight into their toxicological and detoxification effects at the proteome level. Therefore, the mechanistically toxicological effects by which NCDC and 3,3-CDTA are toxic were ascribed to membrane disruption, oxidative stress, and abnormal protein expression. This study discusses the first toxicological effects of chlorination–derived metformin byproducts in E. coli and broadens understanding of the toxic effects and transformation risks of metformin throughout its entire life process.
2023-10-17 | PXD045084 | Pride
Project description:Genome mining of pigmented Pseudoalteromonas has revealed a large potential for the production of bioactive compounds and hydrolytic enzymes. The purpose of the present study was to explore this bioactivity potential in a potent antibiotic and enzyme producer, Pseudoalteromonas rubra strain S4059. Proteomic analyses (data are available via ProteomeXchange with identifier PXD023249) indicated that a highly efficient chitin degradation machinery was present in the red-pigmented P. rubra S4059 when grown on chitin. Four GH18 chitinases and two GH20 hexosaminidases were significantly upregulated under these conditions. GH19 chitinases, which are not common in bacteria, are consistently found in pigmented Pseudoalteromonas, and in S4059, GH19 was only detected when the bacterium was grown on chitin. To explore the possible role of GH19 in pigmented Pseudoalteromonas, we developed a protocol for genetic manipulation of S4059 and deleted the GH19 chitinase, and compared phenotypes of the mutant and wild type. However, none of the chitin degrading ability, secondary metabolite profile, or biofilm-forming capacity was affected by GH19 deletion. In conclusion, we developed a genetic manipulation protocol that can be used to unravel the bioactive potential of pigmented pseudoalteromonads. An efficient chitinolytic enzyme cocktail was identified in S4059, suggesting that this strain could be a candidate with industrial potential.
| S-EPMC7917724 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Although much has been learned about the fibrillization kinetics, structure and toxicity of amyloid proteins, the properties of amyloid fibrils beyond the saturation phase are often perceived as chemically and biologically inert, despite evidence suggesting otherwise. To fill this knowledge gap, we examined the physical and biological characteristics of human islet amyloid polypeptide (IAPP) fibrils that were aged up to two months. Not only did aging decrease the toxicity of IAPP fibrils, but the fibrils also sequestered fresh IAPP and suppressed their toxicity in an embryonic zebrafish model. The mechanical properties of IAPP fibrils in different aging stages were probed by atomic force microscopy and sonication, which displayed comparable stiffness but age-dependent fragmentation, followed by self-assembly of such fragments into the largest lamellar amyloid structures reported to date. The dynamic structural and toxicity profiles of amyloid fibrils and plaques suggest that they play active, long-term roles in cell degeneration and may be a therapeutic target for amyloid diseases.
| S-EPMC6333423 | biostudies-literature