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3D QSAR studies of hydroxylated polychlorinated biphenyls as potential xenoestrogens.

ABSTRACT: Mono-hydroxylated polychlorinated biphenyls (OH-PCBs) are found in human biological samples and lack of data on their potential estrogenic activity has been a source of concern. We have extended our previous in silico 2D QSAR study through the application of advance techniques such as docking and 3D QSAR to gain insights into their estrogen receptor (ERα) binding. The results support our earlier findings that the hydroxyl group is the most important feature on the compounds; its position, orientation and surroundings in the structure are influential for the binding of OH-PCBs to ERα. This study has also revealed the following additional interactions that influence estrogenicity of these chemicals (a) the aromatic interactions of the biphenyl moieties with the receptor, (b) hydrogen bonding interactions of the p-hydroxyl group with key amino acids ARG394 and GLU353, (c) low or no electronegative substitution at para-positions of the p-hydroxyl group, (d) enhanced electrostatic interactions at the meta position on the B ring, and (e) co-planarity of the hydroxyl group on the A ring. In combination the 2D and 3D QSAR approaches have led us to the support conclusion that the hydroxyl group is the most important feature on the OH-PCB influencing the binding to estrogen receptors, and have enhanced our understanding of the mechanistic details of estrogenicity of this class of chemicals. Such in silico computational methods could serve as useful tools in risk assessment of chemicals.

SUBMITTER: Ruiz P

PROVIDER: S-EPMC8211363 | biostudies-literature |

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Bioluminescence inhibition assay for the detection of hydroxylated polychlorinated biphenyls.

Project description:Hydroxylated polychlorinated biphenyls (OH-PCBs) are an important class of contaminants that mainly originate from polychlorinated biphenyl metabolism. They may conceivably be as dangerous and persistent as the parent compounds; most prominently, OH-PCBs are endocrine disruptors. Due to increasing evidence of the presence of OH-PCBs in the environment and in living organisms, including humans, and of their toxicity, methods of detection for OH-PCBs are needed in the environmental and medical fields. Herein, we describe the development and optimization of a protein-based inhibition assay for the quantification of OH-PCBs. Specifically, the photoprotein aequorin was utilized for the detection of OH-PCBs. We hypothesized that OH-PCBs interact with aequorin, and we established that OH-PCBs actually inhibit the bioluminescence of aequorin in a dose-dependent manner. We took advantage of this phenomenon to develop an assay that is capable of detecting a wide variety of OH-PCBs with a range of detection limits, the best detection limit being 11 nM for the compound 2-hydroxy-2',3,4',5',6-pentachorobiphenyl. The viability of this system for the screening of OH-PCBs in spiked biological and environmental samples was also established. We envision the implementation of this novel bioluminescence inhibition assay as a rapid, sensitive, and cost-effective method for monitoring OH-PCBs. Furthermore, to the best of our knowledge, this is the first time aequorin has been employed to detect an analyte by the inhibition of its bioluminescence reaction. Hence, this strategy may prove to be a general approach for the development of a new generation of protein-based inhibition assays.

| S-EPMC4127403 | biostudies-literature

Hydroxylated Polychlorinated Biphenyls Are Emerging Legacy Pollutants in Contaminated Sediments.

Project description:We measured the concentrations of 837 hydroxylated polychlorinated biphenyls (OH-PCBs, in 275 chromatographic peaks) and 209 polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs, in 174 chromatographic peaks) in sediments from New Bedford Harbor in Massachusetts, Altavista wastewater lagoon in Virginia, and the Indiana Harbor and Ship Canal in Indiana, USA and in the original commercial PCB mixtures Aroclors 1016, 1242, 1248, and 1254. We used the correlation between homologues and the peak responses to quantify the full suite of OH-PCBs including those without authentic standards available. We found that OH-PCB levels are approximately 0.4% of the PCB levels in sediments and less than 0.0025% in Aroclors. The OH-PCB congener distributions of sediments are different from those of Aroclors and are different according to sites. We also identified a previously unknown compound, 4-OH-PCB52, which together with 4'-OH-PCB18 made up almost 30% of the OH-PCBs in New Bedford Harbor sediments but less than 1.2% in the Aroclors and 3.3% in any other sediments. This indicates site-specific environmental transformations of PCBs to OH-PCBs. We conclude that the majority of OH-PCBs in these sediments are generated in the environment. Our findings suggest that these toxic breakdown products of PCBs are prevalent in PCB-contaminated sediments and present an emerging concern for humans and ecosystems.

| S-EPMC8851693 | biostudies-literature

Effects of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and their hydroxylated metabolites (OH-PCBs) on Arabidopsis thaliana.

Project description:The transcriptomic response of A. thaliana to 2,5-dichlorobiphenyl (2,5-DCB) and its OH-metabolite, 4'-OH-2,5-DCB, was then examined using whole-genome expression microarrays (Affymetrix).

2017-06-15 | GSE99345 | GEO

Human CYP2A6, CYP2B6, AND CYP2E1 Atropselectively Metabolize Polychlorinated Biphenyls to Hydroxylated Metabolites.

Project description:Exposure to chiral polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) has been associated with neurodevelopmental disorders. Their hydroxylated metabolites (OH-PCBs) are also potentially toxic to the developing human brain; however, the formation of OH-PCBs by human cytochrome P450 (P450) isoforms is poorly investigated. To address this knowledge gap, we investigated the atropselective biotransformation of 2,2',3,4',6-pentachlorobiphenyl (PCB 91), 2,2',3,5',6-pentachlorobiphenyl (PCB 95), 2,2',3,3',4,6'-hexachlorobiphenyl (PCB 132), and 2,2',3,3',6,6'-hexachlorobiphenyl (PCB 136) by different human P450 isoforms. In silico predictions with ADMET Predictor and MetaDrug software suggested a role of CYP1A2, CYP2A6, CYP2B6, CYP2E1, and CYP3A4 in the metabolism of chiral PCBs. Metabolism studies with recombinant human enzymes demonstrated that CYP2A6 and CYP2B6 oxidized PCB 91 and PCB 132 in the meta position and that CYP2A6 oxidized PCB 95 and PCB 136 in the para position. CYP2B6 played only a minor role in the metabolism of PCB 95 and PCB 136 and formed meta-hydroxylated metabolites. Traces of para-hydroxylated PCB metabolites were detected in incubations with CYP2E1. No hydroxylated metabolites were present in incubations with CYP1A2 or CYP3A4. Atropselective analysis revealed P450 isoform-dependent and congener-specific atropselective enrichment of OH-PCB metabolites. These findings suggest that CYP2A6 and CYP2B6 play an important role in the oxidation of neurotoxic PCBs to chiral OH-PCBs in humans.

| S-EPMC6380921 | biostudies-literature

Transcriptomic response of Arabidopsis thaliana exposed to hydroxylated polychlorinated biphenyls (OH-PCBs).

Project description:Hydroxylated polychlorinated biphenyls (OH-PCBs) are toxic contaminants produced by biotic or abiotic transformation of PCBs. In this study, we have tested the toxicity of 2,5-dichlorobiphenyl (2,5-DCB) and three of its OH-derivatives, 2'-OH-, 3'-OH-, and 4'-OH-2,5-DCB toward the model plant, Arabidopsis thaliana. Toxicity tests showed that the parent 2,5-DCB (5 mg L-1) had little effect on the plants, while all three OH-metabolites (5 mg L-1) exhibited a significant toxicity, with 4'-OH-2,5-DCB being the most potent (inhibition concentration 50%-IC50 in germination tests = 9.8 mg L-1 for 2'-OH-2,5-DCB, 9.5 mg L-1 for 3'-OH-2,5-DCB, and 4.8 mg L-1 for 4'-OH-2,5-DCB). Whole-genome expression microarrays (Affymetrix) showed that exposure to the three OH-PCBs resulted in rather similar expression patterns, which were distinct from the one developing in response to 2,5-DCB. Searching an Arabidopsis microarray database (Genevestigator) revealed that, unlike the parent compound, the three OH-derivatives induced expression profiles similar to inhibitors of brassinosteroid synthesis (i.e., brassinazole, propiconazole, and uniconazole), resulting in severe iron deficiency in exposed plants. Our results suggest that the higher phytotoxicity of OH-derivatives as compared to 2,5-DCB is at least partly explained by the inhibition of the brassinosteroid pathway.

| S-EPMC6548195 | biostudies-literature

Correction to Hydroxylated Polychlorinated Biphenyls Are Emerging Legacy Pollutants in Contaminated Sediments.

Project description: Not available

| S-EPMC9262251 | biostudies-literature

Binding interactions of hydroxylated polychlorinated biphenyls (OHPCBs) with human hydroxysteroid sulfotransferase hSULT2A1.

Project description:Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) are persistent environmental contaminants, and exposure to PCBs and their hydroxylated metabolites (OHPCBs) has been associated with various adverse health effects. The mammalian cytosolic sulfotransferases (SULTs) catalyze the sulfation of OHPCBs, and the interaction of OHPCBs with both the SULT1 and SULT2 families of these enzymes has received attention both with respect to metabolic disposition of these molecules and the potential mechanisms for their roles in endocrine disruption. We have previously shown that OHPCBs interact with human hydroxysteroid sulfotransferase hSULT2A1, an enzyme that catalyzes the sulfation of dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA), other alcohol-containing steroids, bile acids, and many xenobiotics. The objective of our current studies is to investigate the mechanism of inhibition of hSULT2A1 by OHPCBs by combining inhibition kinetics with determination of equilibrium binding constants and molecular modeling of potential interactions. Examination of the effects of fifteen OHPCBs on the sulfation of DHEA catalyzed by hSULT2A1 showed predominantly noncompetitive inhibition patterns. This was observed for OHPCBs that were substrates for sulfation reactions catalyzed by the enzyme as well as those that solely inhibited the sulfation of DHEA. Equilibrium binding experiments and molecular modeling studies indicated that the OHPCBs bind at the binding site for DHEA on the enzyme, and that the observed noncompetitive patterns of inhibition are consistent with binding in more than one orientation to more than one enzyme complex. These results have implications for the roles of SULTs in the toxicology of OHPCBs, while also providing molecular probes of the complexity of substrate/inhibitor interactions with hSULT2A1.

| S-EPMC3994546 | biostudies-literature

Biological enrichment prediction of polychlorinated biphenyls and novel molecular design based on 3D-QSAR/HQSAR associated with molecule docking.

Project description:Based on the experimental data of octanol-water partition coefficients (Kow, represents bioaccumulation) for 13 polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) congeners, comparative molecular field analysis (CoMFA) and comparative molecular similarity indices analysis (CoMSIA) were used to establish 3D-QSAR models, combined with the hologram quantitative structure-activity relationship (HQSAR), the substitution sites (mono-substituted and bis-substituted) and substituent groups (electron-withdrawing hydrophobic groups) that significantly affect the octanol-water partition coefficients values of PCBs were identified, a total of 63 monosubstituted and bis-substituted were identified. Compared with using 3D-QSAR model alone, the coupling of 3D-QSAR and HQSAR models greatly increased the number of newly designed bis-substituted molecules, and the logKow reduction in newly designed bis-substituted molecules was larger than that of monosubstituted molecules. This was established to predict the Kow values of 196 additional PCBs and carry out a modification of target molecular PCB-207 to lower its Kow (biological enrichment) significantly, simultaneously maintaining the flame retardancy and insulativity after calculation by using Gaussian09. Simultaneously, molecular docking could further screen out three more environmental friendly low biological enrichment newly designed PCB-207 molecules (5-methyl-PCB-207, 5-amino-PCB-207, and 4-amino-5-ethyl-PCB-207).

| S-EPMC6522710 | biostudies-literature

Effects of Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCBs) and Their Hydroxylated Metabolites (OH-PCBs) on Arabidopsis thaliana.

Project description:Plants metabolize polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) into hydroxylated derivatives (OH-PCBs), which are sometimes more toxic than the parent PCBs. The objective of this research was to compare the toxicity of a suite of PCBs and OH-PCBs toward the model plant, Arabidopsis thaliana. While parent PCBs and higher-chlorinated OH-PCBs exhibited a low or nondetectable toxicity, lower-chlorinated OH-PCBs significantly inhibited the germination rate and plant growth, with inhibition concentration 50% (IC50) ranging from 1.6 to 12.0 mg L-1. The transcriptomic response of A. thaliana to 2,5-dichlorobiphenyl (2,5-DCB), and its OH metabolite, 4'-OH-2,5-DCB, was then examined using whole-genome expression microarrays (Affymetrix). Exposure to 2,5-DCB and 4'-OH-2,5-DCB resulted in different expression patterns, with the former leading to enrichment of genes involved in response to toxic stress and detoxification functions. Exposure to 2,5-DCB induced multiple xenobiotic response genes, such as cytochrome P-450 and glutathione S-transferases, potentially involved in the PCB metabolism. On the contrary, exposure to both compounds resulted in the down-regulation of genes involved in stresses not directly related to toxicity. Unlike its OH derivative, 2,5-DCB was shown to induce a transcriptomic profile similar to plant safeners, which are nontoxic chemicals stimulating detoxification pathways in plants. The differentiated induction of detoxification enzymes by 2,5-DCB may explain its lower phytotoxicity compared to 4'-OH-2,5-DCB.

| S-EPMC5772893 | biostudies-literature

A Preliminary Link between Hydroxylated Metabolites of Polychlorinated Biphenyls and Free Thyroxin in Humans.

Project description:BackgroundPolychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and their hydroxylated metabolites (HO-PCBs) interfere with thyroid hormone action both in vitro and in vivo. However, epidemiologic studies on the link between PCB exposure and thyroid function have yielded discordant results, while very few data are available for HO-PCBs.ObjectivesOur study aimed at investigating the relationship between clinically available markers of thyroid metabolism and serum levels of both PCBs and HO-PCBs.Subjects and methodsIn a group of 180 subjects, thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) and free thyroxin (fT4), 29 PCBs (expressed both in lipid weight and in wet weight) and 18 HO-PCBs were measured in serum.ResultsIn regression models, adjusted for gender, age, current smoking behavior, BMI and total lipid levels, serum levels of 3HO-PCB118 and 3HO-PCB180, and PCB95(lw), PCB99(lw) and PCB149(lw) were independent, significant predictors of fT4. A stepwise, multiple regression with gender, age, current smoking behavior, BMI and total lipid levels and all five previously identified significant compounds retained age, BMI, PCB95(lw), PCB99(lw) and 3HO-PCB180 as significant predictors of fT4. TSH levels were not predicted by serum levels of any of the PCBs or HO-PCBs.ConclusionsOur study indicates that in vivo, circulating fT4 levels can be linked to serum levels of several PCBs and hydroxylated PCB metabolites.

| S-EPMC4847083 | biostudies-literature

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