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Rates of protoplanetary accretion and differentiation set nitrogen budget of rocky planets.

ABSTRACT: The effect of protoplanetary differentiation on the fate of life-essential volatiles like nitrogen and carbon and its subsequent effect on the dynamics of planetary growth is unknown. Because the dissolution of nitrogen in magma oceans depends on its partial pressure and oxygen fugacity, it is an ideal proxy to track volatile re-distribution in protoplanets as a function of their sizes and growth zones. Using high pressure-temperature experiments in graphite-undersaturated conditions, here we show that the siderophile (iron-loving) character of nitrogen is an order of magnitude higher than previous estimates across a wide range of oxygen fugacity. The experimental data combined with metal-silicate-atmosphere fractionation models suggest that asteroid-sized protoplanets, and planetary embryos that grew from them, were nitrogen-depleted. However, protoplanets that grew to planetary embryo-size before undergoing differentiation had nitrogen-rich cores and nitrogen-poor silicate reservoirs. Bulk silicate reservoirs of large Earth-like planets attained nitrogen from the cores of latter type of planetary embryos. Therefore, to satisfy the volatile budgets of Earth-like planets during the main stage of their growth, the timescales of planetary embryo accretion had to be shorter than their differentiation timescales, i.e., Moon- to Mars-sized planetary embryos grew rapidly within ~1-2 Myrs of the Solar System's formation.

SUBMITTER: Grewal DS

PROVIDER: S-EPMC8216213 | biostudies-literature |

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Project description:Sweetpotato can be cultivated in the reclaimed rocky soil in Sichuan Basin, China, which benefits from the release of mineral nutrients in the rocky soil by microorganisms. Shortage of nitrogen (N) in the rocky soil limits sweetpotato yield, which can be compensated through N fertilization. Whereas high N fertilization inhibits biological N fixation and induces unintended environmental consequences. However, the effect of low N fertilization on microorganism community and sweetpotato yield in the N-deficient rocky soil is still unclear. We added a low level of 1.5 g urea/m2 to a rocky soil cultivated with sweetpotato, and measured rocky soil physiological and biochemical properties, rhizosphere microbial diversity, sweetpotato physiological properties and transcriptome. When cultivating sweetpotato in the rocky soil, low N fertilization (1.5 g urea/m2) not only improved total N (TN) and available N (AN) in the rocky soil, but also increased available phosphorus (AP), available potassium (AK), and nitrogenase and urease activity. Interestingly, although low N fertilization could reduce bacterial diversity through affecting sweetpotato root exudates and rocky soil properties, the relative abundance of P and K-solubilizing bacteria, N-fixing and urease-producing bacteria increased under low N fertilization, and the relative abundance of plant pathogens decreased. Furthermore, low N fertilization increased the phytohormones, such as zeatin riboside, abscisic acid, and methyl jasmonate contents in sweetpotato root. Those increases were consistent with our transcriptome findings: the inhibition of the lignin synthesis, the promotion of the starch synthesis, and the upregulated expression of Expansin, thus resulting in promoting the formation of tuberous roots and further increasing the sweetpotato yield by half, up to 3.3 kg/m2. This study indicated that low N fertilization in the N-deficient rocky soil improved this soil quality through affecting microorganism community, and further increased sweetpotato yield under regulation of phytohormones pathway.

Project description:This study aimed to determine the effects of the nitrogen (N) application period and level on the fate of fertilizer N and the contribution of N absorption and translocation to apple organ N. Two N application periods (labeled by the 15N tracer technique in spring and summer, represented by SP and SU, respectively) and three N levels (N0, MN, and HN) were used to determine the physiological indexes and aboveground, root, and soil 15N content of 4-year-old dwarf ('Red Fuji'/M9T337) and arborized ('Red Fuji'/Malus hupehensis Rehd.) apple trees. The results showed that HN led to shoot overgrowth, which was not conducive to the growth of the apple root system (root length, root tips, root surface area, and root volume) or the improvement of root activity. The contribution of soil N to apple organ N accounted for more than 50%, and the contribution of N application in summer to fruit N was higher than that in spring. Under HN treatment, the proportion of soil N absorbed by trees decreased, while that of fertilizer N increased; however, the highest proportion was still less than 50%, so apple trees were highly dependent on soil N. Under MN treatment, fertilizer N residue was similar to soil N consumption, and soil N fertility maintained a basic balance. Under HN treatment, fertilizer N residue was significantly higher than soil N consumption, indicating that excessive N application increased fertilizer N residue in the soil. Overall, the 15N utilization rate of arborized trees (17.33-22.38%) was higher than that of dwarf trees (12.89-16.91%). A total of 12.89-22.38% of fertilizer 15N was absorbed by trees, 30.37-35.41% of fertilizer 15N remained in the soil, and 44.65-54.46% of fertilizer 15N was lost. The 15N utilization rate and 15N residual rate of summer N application were higher than those of spring N application, and the 15N loss rate was lower than that of spring N application. High microbial biomass N (MBN) may be one of the reasons for the high N utilization rate and the low loss rate of N application in summer.

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Rates of protoplanetary accretion and differentiation set nitrogen budget of rocky planets.

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