Entamoeba gingivalis Exerts Severe Pathogenic Effects on the Oral Mucosa.
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ABSTRACT:
SUBMITTER: Bao X
PROVIDER: S-EPMC8217899 | biostudies-literature |
REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature
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Project description:The protozoan Entamoeba gingivalis colonizes the healthy oral mucosa with a prevalence of 15%. Colonization can be asymptomatic and it is considered that it is not pathogenic. However, it is able to invade lacerated oral mucosa where it ingests fragments of live cells, suggesting pathogenous potential. Here, we characterized the transcriptomes of gingival cells after infection with Entamoeba gingivalis using RNA Sequencing and observed pathogen interaction with the epithelial monolayer barrier by scanning electron microscopy. In epithelial and fibroblast cells, strongest differential expression showed gene set ‘chemokines and inflammatory molecules in myeloid cells’ (AUC=0.9, effect size 5.15, adj. P=3.1x10e-19) and “Cell cycle and growth arrest” (AUC=0.91 (effect size=4.56, adj. P=4.8x10e-9), respectively. The most upregulated genes in epithelial cells were TNF (fold change 430) and IL8 (fold change 359) and in fibroblasts ZN331 (fold change 18). We showed that Entamoeba gingivalis killed live epithelial cells by trogocytosis demonstrating strong pathogenic potential.
2021-02-21 | GSE167111 | GEO
Project description:BackgroundThe Gram negative anaerobic bacterium Porphyromonas gingivalis has long been recognized as a causative agent of periodontitis. Periodontitis is a chronic infectious disease of the tooth supporting tissues eventually leading to tooth-loss. Capsular polysaccharide (CPS) of P. gingivalis has been shown to be an important virulence determinant. Seven capsular serotypes have been described. Here, we used micro-array based comparative genomic hybridization analysis (CGH) to analyze a representative of each of the capsular serotypes and a non-encapsulated strain against the highly virulent and sequenced W83 strain. We defined absent calls using Arabidopsis thaliana negative control probes, with the aim to distinguish between aberrations due to mutations and gene gain/loss.ResultsOur analyses allowed us to call aberrant genes, absent genes and divergent regions in each of the test strains. A conserved core P. gingivalis genome was described, which consists of 80% of the analyzed genes from the sequenced W83 strain. The percentage of aberrant genes between the test strains and control strain W83 was 8.2% to 13.7%. Among the aberrant genes many CPS biosynthesis genes were found. Most other virulence related genes could be found in the conserved core genome. Comparing highly virulent strains with less virulent strains indicates that hmuS, a putative CobN/Mg chelatase involved in heme uptake, may be a more relevant virulence determinant than previously expected. Furthermore, the description of the 39 W83-specific genes could give more insight in why this strain is more virulent than others.ConclusionAnalyses of the genetic content of the P. gingivalis capsular serotypes allowed the description of a P. gingivalis core genome. The high resolution data from three types of analysis of triplicate hybridization experiments may explain the higher divergence between P. gingivalis strains than previously recognized.
| S-EPMC2955634 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Entamoeba gingivalis is a protozoan that resides in the oral cavity. Using molecular biology techniques, we identified a novel organism that shares the same ecological niche as E. gingivalis. To differentiate this organism from E. gingivalis, we named it "kamaktli variant." By sequencing the 18S-ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 rRNA region, we demonstrated that kamaktli variant is 89% identical to E. gingivalis. To elucidate the relationship between kamaktli variant and E. gingivalis, we performed a phylogenetic analysis. Both taxa clustered in the same clade with high support, indicating that the amoebas are closely related (98/99/1.00, maximum parsimony/maximum likelihood/MrBayes, respectively). Given this information, we propose that these molecular differences between kamaktli variant and E. gingivalis ST1 are sufficient to distinguish them as independent subtypes, and we name the new subtype "E. gingivalis ST2, kamaktli variant."
| S-EPMC5978907 | biostudies-literature
Project description:The complete 2,343,479-bp genome sequence of the gram-negative, pathogenic oral bacterium Porphyromonas gingivalis strain W83, a major contributor to periodontal disease, was determined. Whole-genome comparative analysis with other available complete genome sequences confirms the close relationship between the Cytophaga-Flavobacteria-Bacteroides (CFB) phylum and the green-sulfur bacteria. Within the CFB phyla, the genomes most similar to that of P. gingivalis are those of Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron and B. fragilis. Outside of the CFB phyla the most similar genome to P. gingivalis is that of Chlorobium tepidum, supporting the previous phylogenetic studies that indicated that the Chlorobia and CFB phyla are related, albeit distantly. Genome analysis of strain W83 reveals a range of pathways and virulence determinants that relate to the novel biology of this oral pathogen. Among these determinants are at least six putative hemagglutinin-like genes and 36 previously unidentified peptidases. Genome analysis also reveals that P. gingivalis can metabolize a range of amino acids and generate a number of metabolic end products that are toxic to the human host or human gingival tissue and contribute to the development of periodontal disease.
| S-EPMC193775 | biostudies-literature
Project description:BackgroundEntamoeba gingivalis has been associated with periodontal diseases. Baseline data from the background population, which could help delimit the role of the parasite in health and disease, remain limited.ObjectiveTo describe epidemiological features, genetic diversity, and associations with oral microbiome signatures of E. gingivalis colonisation in Tanzanians with non-oral/non-dental diseases.MethodsDNAs from 92 oral washings from 52 participants were subject to metabarcoding of ribosomal genes. DNA sequences were identified to genus level and submitted to oral microbiota diversity analyses.ResultsSixteen (31%) of the 52 study participants were E. gingivalis-positive, with no difference in positivity rate according to gender or age. Only one subtype (ST1) was found. Individuals testing positive for E. gingivalis had higher oral microbiota alpha diversity than those testing negative (P = 0.03). Eight of the top-ten most common bacterial genera were shared between the two groups (Alloprevotella, Fusobacterium, Gemella, Haemophilus, Neisseria, Porphyromonas, Prevotella, Streptococcus, and Veillonella). Meanwhile, E. gingivalis carriers and non-carriers were more likely to have Aggregatibacter and Rothia, respectively, among the top-ten most common genera.ConclusionAbout one third of the cohort carried E. gingivalis ST1, and carriers had higher oral microbiome diversity and were more predominantly colonized by Aggregatibacter.
| S-EPMC8143617 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Periodontitis is a public health issue, being one of the most prevalent diseases worldwide. However, the aetiology of the disease is still unclear: genetics of patients cannot explain the dispersed or isolated localisation of gingival pockets, while bacteria-based models are insufficient to distinguish gingivitis and periodontitis. The possible role of parasites in the establishment of periodontitis has been poorly studied until now. The aim of this project was to study a potential link between colonisation of gingival crevices by the amoeba Entamoeba gingivalis and periodontitis. In eight different dental clinics in France, samples were taken in periodontal pockets (72) or healthy sites (33), and submitted to microscopic observation and molecular identification by PCR with a new set of primers designed to specifically detect E. gingivalis. This blind sample analysis showed the strong sensitivity of PCR compared with clinical diagnosis (58/72 = 81%), and microscopy (51/65 = 78%). The results of this work show that the parasites detected by microscopy mainly - if not exclusively - belong to the species E. gingivalis and that the presence of the parasite is correlated with periodontitis.
| S-EPMC4077299 | biostudies-literature
Project description:The impact of oral commensal and pathogenic bacteria on peri-implant mucosa is not well understood, despite the high prevalence of peri-implant infections. Hence, we investigated responses of the peri-implant mucosa to Streptococcus oralis or Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans biofilms using a novel in vitro peri-implant mucosa-biofilm model. Our 3D model combined three components, organotypic oral mucosa, implant material, and oral biofilm, with structural assembly close to native situation. S. oralis induced a protective stress response in the peri-implant mucosa through upregulation of heat shock protein (HSP70) genes. Attenuated inflammatory response was indicated by reduced cytokine levels of interleukin-6 (IL-6), interleukin-8 (CXCL8), and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (CCL2). The inflammatory balance was preserved through increased levels of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-?). A. actinomycetemcomitans induced downregulation of genes important for cell survival and host inflammatory response. The reduced cytokine levels of chemokine ligand 1 (CXCL1), CXCL8, and CCL2 also indicated a diminished inflammatory response. The induced immune balance by S. oralis may support oral health, whereas the reduced inflammatory response to A. actinomycetemcomitans may provide colonisation advantage and facilitate later tissue invasion. The comprehensive characterisation of peri-implant mucosa-biofilm interactions using our 3D model can provide new knowledge to improve strategies for prevention and therapy of peri-implant disease.
| S-EPMC6771885 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Redondoviruses are circular Rep-encoding single-stranded DNA (CRESS) viruses of high prevalence in healthy humans. Redondovirus abundance is increased in oro-respiratory samples from individuals with periodontitis, acute illness, and severe COVID-19. We investigated potential host cells supporting redondovirus replication in oro-respiratory samples and uncovered the oral amoeba Entamoeba gingivalis as a likely host. Redondoviruses are closely related to viruses of Entamoeba and contain reduced GC nucleotide content, consistent with Entamoeba hosts. Redondovirus and E. gingivalis co-occur in metagenomic data from oral disease and healthy human cohorts. When grown in xenic cultures with feeder bacteria, E. gingivalis was robustly positive for redondovirus RNA and DNA. A DNA proximity-ligation assay (Hi-C) on xenic culture cells showed enriched cross-linking of redondovirus and Entamoeba DNA, supporting E. gingivalis as the redondovirus host. While bacteria are established hosts for bacteriophages within the human virome, this work shows that eukaryotic commensals also contribute an abundant human-associated virus.
| S-EPMC9969835 | biostudies-literature
Project description:BackgroundThe etiology of periodontitis remains unclear, as is the place of gingivitis in its pathophysiology. A few studies linked the colonization by oral parasites (Entamoeba gingivalis and Trichomonas tenax) to periodontal disease and its severity. The aim of the current study was to estimate the prevalence of these oral parasites among healthy individuals, and in patients with gingivitis and periodontitis in Jordan.MethodsThe study was conducted during July 2019-December 2019. Samples were composed of saliva and periodontal material including dental plaque sampled with probes. The detection of oral parasites was done using conventional polymerase chain reaction (PCR).ResultsThe total number of study participants was 237: healthy (n=94), gingivitis (n=53) and periodontitis (n=90). The prevalence of E. gingivalis was 88.9% among the periodontitis patients, 84.9% among the gingivitis patients and 47.9% in the healthy group. For T. tenax, the prevalence was 25.6% among the periodontitis patients, 5.7% among the gingivitis patients and 3.2% in the heathy group. Positivity for E. gingivalis was significantly correlated with the presence of periodontal disease compared to the healthy group with odds ratio (OR) of 6.6. Periodontal disease was also correlated with lower monthly income (OR=8.2), lack of dental care (OR=4.8), and history of diabetes mellitus (OR=4.5). Colonization by E. gingivalis was correlated with gingivitis (OR=6.1) compared to the healthy group. Colonization by E. gingivalis and T. tenax were significantly correlated with periodontitis (OR=6.4 for E. gingivalis, and OR=4.7, for T. tenax) compared to the healthy group. T. tenax was only detected among individuals with generalized periodontal disease compared to its total absence among those with localized disease (19.6% vs. 0.0%; p=0.039). The co-infection rate by the two oral parasites was 11.0%.ConclusionsThe higher prevalence of human oral parasites in periodontal disease compared to healthy individuals appears to be more than a mere marker for the disease and might also be associated with disease severity and potential for progression. Thus, the dogmatic view of E. gingivalis and T. tenax as commensals needs to be re-evaluated and their contribution to pathophysiology of periodontal diseases cannot be neglected.
| S-EPMC8688919 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Entamoeba gingivalis is a parasitic protozoan that colonizes the human oral cavity and there are two subtypes (ST1 and ST2) that have been identified to date. However, there are no reports on the molecular detection or characterization of E. gingivalis in Turkey. The objective of this study was to detect the presence of E. gingivalis in Turkish healthy individuals and those with periodontal disease and to subtype the isolates using molecular techniques. Samples from the oral cavity of 94 individuals were taken and the presence of E. gingivalis was determined by PCR using primers for SsrRNA and the amplicons were then confirmed by DNA sequencing. Each participant completed a questionnaire that included demographic data, habits and lifestyle, as well as health status. The presence of E. gingivalis was detected in a total of 19 samples (11 patients and eight healthy individuals). Molecular characterization determined that 12 samples belonged to ST1 and seven samples belonged to ST2. The presence of E. gingivalis was higher in patients with periodontal disease than in healthy individuals, and this association was statistically significant (P < .05). This study constitutes the first report of molecular detection and subtyping of E. gingivalis in Turkey.
| S-EPMC10553396 | biostudies-literature