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Extracellularly Released Calreticulin Induced by Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress Impairs Syncytialization of Cytotrophoblast Model BeWo Cells.

ABSTRACT: The pregnancy-specific syndrome preeclampsia is a major cause of maternal mortality throughout the world. The initial insult resulting in the development of preeclampsia is inadequate trophoblast invasion, which may lead to reduced maternal perfusion of the placenta and placental dysfunction, such as insufficient trophoblast syncytialization. Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress has been implicated in the pathology of preeclampsia and serves as the major risk factor. Our previous studies suggested critical roles of calreticulin (CRT), which is an ER-resident stress response protein, in extravillous trophoblast invasion and cytotrophoblast syncytialization. Here, we studied the mechanism by which ER stress exposes the placenta to the risk of preeclampsia. We found that CRT was upregulated in the serum samples, but not in the placental specimens, from preeclamptic women. By using BeWo cells, an established model of cytotrophoblasts that syncytialize in the presence of forskolin, we demonstrated that thapsigargin-induced ER stress caused extracellular release of CRT from BeWo cells and that the extracellular CRT suppressed forskolin-induced release of β-human chorionic gonadotropin and altered subcellular localization of E-cadherin, which is a key adhesion molecule associated with syncytialization. Our results together provide evidence that induction of ER stress leads to extracellular CRT release, which may contribute to placental dysfunction by suppressing cytotrophoblast syncytialization.

SUBMITTER: Iwahashi N

PROVIDER: S-EPMC8225044 | biostudies-literature |

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Project description:BackgroundCalreticulin (CRT) is a chaperone protein, which aids correct folding of glycosylated proteins in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). Under conditions of ER stress, CRT is upregulated and may be displayed on the surface of cells or be secreted. This 'ecto-CRT' may activate the innate immune response or it may aid clearance of apoptotic cells. Our and other studies have demonstrated upregulation of ER stress markers CHOP, BiP, ATF4, XBP1 and phosphorylated e-IF2 alpha (p-eIF2 alpha) in biopsy and post-mortem human multiple sclerosis (MS) samples. We extend this work by analysing changes in expression of CRT, BiP, CHOP, XBP1 and p-eIF2 alpha in a rat model of inflammatory demyelination. Demyelination was induced in the spinal cord by intradermal injection of recombinant mouse MOG mixed with incomplete Freund's adjuvant (IFA) at the base of the tail. Tissue samples were analysed by semi-quantitative scoring of immunohistochemically stained frozen tissue sections. Data generated following sampling of tissue from animals with spinal cord lesions, was compared to that obtained using tissue derived from IFA- or saline-injected controls. CRT present in rat serum and in a cohort of human serum derived from 14 multiple sclerosis patients and 11 healthy controls was measured by ELISA.ResultsStained tissue scores revealed significantly (p<0.05) increased amounts of CRT, CHOP and p-eIF2 alpha in the lesion, lesion edge and normal-appearing white matter when compared to controls. CHOP and p-eIF2 alpha were also significantly raised in regions of grey matter and the central canal (p<0.05). Immunofluorescent dual-label staining confirmed expression of these markers in astrocytes, microglia or neurons. Dual staining of rat and human spinal cord lesions with Oil Red O and CRT antibody showed co-localisation of CRT with the rim of myelin fragments. ELISA testing of sera from control and EAE rats demonstrated significant down-regulation (p<0.05) of CRT in the serum of EAE animals, compared to saline and IFA controls. This contrasted with significantly increased amounts of CRT detected in the sera of MS patients (p<0.05), compared to controls.ConclusionThis data highlights the potential importance of CRT and other ER stress proteins in inflammatory demyelination.

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Extracellularly Released Calreticulin Induced by Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress Impairs Syncytialization of Cytotrophoblast Model BeWo Cells.

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