Dataset Information

Immunization Coverage and Antibody Retention against Rabies in Domestic Dogs in Lusaka District, Zambia.

ABSTRACT: Rabies remains endemic in Zambia. Despite conducting canine vaccinations in Lusaka district, the vaccination coverage and actual seropositivity in the dog population in Lusaka district are rarely evaluated. This study estimated the seropositivity-based immunization coverage in the owned dog population in Lusaka district using the expanded program on immunization cluster survey method. The time-series trend of neutralizing antibodies against rabies in vaccinated dogs was also evaluated. Of 366 dogs in 200 dog-owning households in Lusaka district, blood samples were collected successfully from 251 dogs. In the sampled dogs, 42.2% (106/251) had an antibody titer ≥0.5 IU/mL. When the 115 dogs whose blood was not collected were assumed to be seronegative, the minimum immunization coverage in Lusaka district's owned dog population was estimated at 29.0% (95% confidence interval: 22.4-35.5). It was also found that a single vaccination with certified vaccines is capable of inducing protective levels of antibodies. In contrast, higher antibody titers were observed in multiple-vaccinated dogs than in single-vaccinated dogs, coupled with the observation of a decline in antibody titer over time. These results suggest the importance of continuous booster immunization to maintain herd immunity and provide useful information to plan mass vaccination against rabies in Zambia.

SUBMITTER: Kaneko C

PROVIDER: S-EPMC8231269 | biostudies-literature | 2021 Jun

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Immunization Coverage and Antibody Retention against Rabies in Domestic Dogs in Lusaka District, Zambia.

Kaneko Chiho C Sasaki Michihito M Omori Ryosuke R Nakao Ryo R Kataoka-Nakamura Chikako C Moonga Ladslav L Ndebe Joseph J Muleya Walter W Simulundu Edgar E Hang'ombe Bernard M BM Dautu George G Kajihara Masahiro M Mori-Kajihara Akina A Qiu Yongjin Y Ito Naoto N Chambaro Herman M HM Sugimoto Chihiro C Higashi Hideaki H Takada Ayato A Sawa Hirofumi H Mweene Aaron S AS Isoda Norikazu N

Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland) 20210611 6

Rabies remains endemic in Zambia. Despite conducting canine vaccinations in Lusaka district, the vaccination coverage and actual seropositivity in the dog population in Lusaka district are rarely evaluated. This study estimated the seropositivity-based immunization coverage in the owned dog population in Lusaka district using the expanded program on immunization cluster survey method. The time-series trend of neutralizing antibodies against rabies in vaccinated dogs was also evaluated. Of 366 do ...[more]

PMID: 34208340

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Project description:ObjectiveTo determine the coverage for the oral cholera vaccine (OCV) campaign conducted during the 2017/2018 cholera outbreak in Lusaka, Zambia.Study designA descriptive cross-sectional study employing survey method conducted among 1691 respondents from 369 households following the second round of the 2018 OCV campaign.Study settingFour primary healthcare facilities and their catchment areas in Lusaka city (Kanyama, Chawama, Chipata and Matero subdistricts).ParticipantsA total of 1691 respondents 12 months and older sampled from 369 households where the campaign was conducted. A satellite map-based sampling technique was used to randomly select households.Data management and analysisA pretested electronic questionnaire uploaded on an electronic tablet (ODK V.1.12.2) was used for data collection. Descriptive statistics were computed to summarise respondents' characteristics and OCV coverage per dose. Bivariate analysis (χ2 test) was conducted to stratify OCV coverage according to age and sex for each round (p<0.05).ResultsThe overall coverage for the first, second and two doses were 81.3% (95% CI 79.24% to 83.36%), 72.1% (95% CI 69.58% to 74.62%) and 66% (95% CI 63.22% to 68.78%), respectively. The drop-out rate was 18.8% (95% CI 14.51% to 23.09%). Of the 81.3% who received the first dose, 58.8% were female. Among those who received the second dose, the majority (61.0%) were females aged between 5 and 14 years (42.6%) and 15 and 35 years (27.7%). Only 15.5% of the participants aged between 36 and 65 and 2.5% among those aged above 65 years received the second dose.ConclusionThese findings confirm the 2018 OCV campaign coverage and highlight the need for follow-up surveys to validate administrative coverage estimates using population-based methods. Reliance on health facility data alone may mask low coverage and prevent measures to improve programming. Future public health interventions should consider sociodemographic factors in order to achieve optimal vaccine coverage.

Project description:Japan is one of the few rabies-free countries/territories which implement the policy of mandatory vaccination of domestic dogs. In order to assess the economic efficiency of such policy in reducing the economic burden of a future canine rabies outbreak in Japan, a benefit-cost analysis (BCA) was performed using probabilistic decision tree modelling. Input data derived from simulation results of published mathematical model, field investigation conducted by the authors at prefectural governments, literature review, international or Japanese database and empirical data of rabies outbreaks in other countries/territories. The current study revealed that the annual costs of implementing the current vaccination policy would be US$160,472,075 (90% prediction interval [PI]: $149,268,935-171,669,974). The economic burden of a potential single canine rabies outbreak in Japan were estimated to be US$1,682,707 (90% PI: $1,180,289-2,249,283) under the current vaccination policy, while it would be US$5,019,093 (90% PI: $3,986,882-6,133,687) under hypothetical abolition of vaccination policy, which is 3-fold higher. Under a damage-avoided approach, the annual benefits of implementing the current vaccination policy in expected value were estimated to be US$85.75 (90% PI: $55.73-116.89). The benefit-cost ratio (BCR) was estimated to be 5.35 X 10(-7) (90% PI: 3.46 X 10(-7)-7.37 X 10(-7)), indicating that the implementation of the current policy is very economically inefficient for the purpose of reducing the economic burden of a potential canine rabies outbreak. In worse-case scenario analysis, the BCR would become above 1 (indicating economic efficiency) if the risk of rabies introduction increased to 0.04 corresponding to a level of risk where rabies would enter Japan in 26 years while the economic burden of a rabies outbreak under the abolition of vaccination policy increased to $7.53 billion. Best-case analysis further revealed that under relatively extreme circumstances the economic efficiency of the current policy could be improved by decreasing the vaccination price charged to dog owners, relaxing the frequency of vaccination to every two to three years and implementing the policy on a smaller scale, e.g. only in targeted prefectures instead of the whole Japan.

Project description:BackgroundFollowing the Syrian crisis, a substantial influx of Syrian refugees into Lebanon posed new challenges to optimal vaccination coverage for all children residing in the country. In 2016, the district-based immunization coverage evaluation survey (CES) assessed routine immunization coverage at the district level in Lebanon among children aged 12-59 months.MethodsA cross-sectional multistage cluster survey was conducted in all of Lebanon (with the exception of the Nabatieh district) using the World Health Organization (WHO) recommended Expanded Programme on Immunization (EPI) methodology adapted to the local context. A survey questionnaire consisting of closed and open-ended questions concerning demographic information and the child's immunization status was administered to collect immunization status information.ResultsAmong surveyed children aged 12-59 months, irrespective of nationality, vaccination coverage at the national level for any recommended last dose was below the targeted 95%. Generally, vaccination coverage levels increased with age and were higher among Lebanese than Syrian children. However, large variations were revealed when coverage rates were analyzed at the district level. Vaccination was significantly associated with nationality, age, mother's educational status and the place of vaccination. Common reasons for undervaccination included the child's illness at the time of vaccine administration, vaccination fees, lack of awareness or a doctor's advice not to vaccinate during campaigns.ConclusionsSubstantial variability exists in vaccination coverage among children aged 12-59 months residing in different districts in Lebanon. Immunization coverage reached 90% or above only for the first doses of polio and pentavalent vaccines. A considerable dropout rate from the first dose of any vaccine is observed. Efforts to optimize coverage levels should include increased vaccination initiatives targeting both refugee children and children from vulnerable host communities, increased cooperation between public and private vaccine providers, improved training for vaccine providers to adhere to complete vaccine administration recommendations, and increased awareness among caregivers.

Project description:IntroductionImmunization is a cost-effective intervention that prevented more than 5 million deaths worldwide from 2010 to 2015. Despite increased vaccination coverage over the past four decades in many African countries, including Ethiopia, universal coverage has not yet been reached. Only 39% of children aged 12-23 months received full vaccinations in Ethiopia, according to the 2016 Ethiopian Demographic Health Survey. This study aimed to evaluate immunization coverage and identify individual and community factors that explain incomplete vaccination coverage among children aged 6-36 months in the Wonago district of southern Ethiopia.MethodsWe conducted a community-based, cross-sectional study in three randomly selected kebeles in the Wonago district from June to July 2017. Our nested sample of 1,116 children aged 6-36 months included 923 child-mother pairs (level 1) within kebeles (level 2). We conducted multilevel regression analysis using STATA software.ResultsAmong participants, 85.0% of children aged 12-36 months received at least one vaccine, and 52.4% had complete immunization coverage. After controlling for several individual and community variables, we identified six significant predictor variables for complete immunization: Older mothers' age (AOR = 1.05, 95% CI: 1.00-1.09), higher utilization of antenatal care (AOR = 1.36, 95% CI: 1.14-1.62), one or more tetanus-toxoid vaccination during pregnancy (AOR = 2.64, 95% CI: 1.43-4.86), mothers knowing the age at which to complete child's vaccinations (AOR = 2.00, 95% CI: 1.25-3.20), being a female (AOR = 0.64, 95% CI: 0.43-0.95), and child receiving vitamin A supplementation within the last 6 months (AOR = 2.79, 95% CI: 1.59-4.90). We observed a clustering effect at the individual and community levels with an intra-cluster correlation coefficient of 48.1%.ConclusionsWe found low immunization coverage among children in the Wonago district of southern Ethiopia, with significant differences across communities. Promoting maternal health care and community service could enhance immunization coverage.

Dataset Information

Immunization Coverage and Antibody Retention against Rabies in Domestic Dogs in Lusaka District, Zambia.

Publications

Immunization Coverage and Antibody Retention against Rabies in Domestic Dogs in Lusaka District, Zambia.

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