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Genetic Variability of Mineral Content in Different Grain Structures of Bean Cultivars from Mesoamerican and Andean Gene Pools.

ABSTRACT: Beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) are an important source of proteins, carbohydrates, and micronutrients in the diets of millions of people in Latin America and Africa. Studies related to genetic variability in the accumulation and distribution of nutrients are valuable for biofortification programs, as there is evidence that the seed coat and embryo differ in the bioavailability of essential nutrients. In this study, we sought to evaluate the genetic variability of total mineral content in the grain and its constituent parts (seed coat, cotyledon, and embryonic axis) of bean genotypes from Mesoamerican and Andean centers of origin. Grain samples of 10 bean cultivars were analyzed for the content of proteins and minerals (Mg, Ca, K, P, Mn, S, Cu, B, Fe, and Zn) in the whole grains and seed coat, cotyledons, and embryonic axis tissues. Genetic variability was observed among the cultivars for protein content and all evaluated minerals. Moreover, differential accumulation of minerals was observed in the seed coat, cotyledons, and embryonic axis. Except for Ca, which accumulated predominantly in the seed coat, higher percentages of minerals were detected in the cotyledons. Furthermore, 100-grain mass values showed negative correlations with the contents of Ca, Mg, P, Zn, Fe, and Mn in whole grains or in the different grain tissues. In general, the Mesoamerican cultivars showed a higher concentration of minerals in the grains, whereas Andean cultivars showed higher concentrations of protein.

SUBMITTER: Zeffa DM

PROVIDER: S-EPMC8234366 | biostudies-literature |

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Project description:Progress in common bean breeding requires the exploitation of genetic variation among market classes, races and gene pools. The present study was conducted to determine the amount of genetic variation and the degree of relatedness among 192 selected common bean advanced cultivars using 58 simple-sequence-repeat markers (SSR) evenly distributed along the 11 linkage groups of the Phaseolus reference map. All the lines belonged to commercial seed type classes that are widely grown in the USA and include both dry bean and snap beans for the fresh and processing markets. Through population structure, principal components analyses, cluster analysis, and discriminant analysis of principal components (DAPC), Andean and Mesoamerican genotypes as well as most American commercial type classes could be distinguished. The genetic relationship among the commercial cultivars revealed by the SSR markers was generally in agreement with known pedigree data. The Mesoamerican cultivars were separated into three major groups-black, small white, and navy accessions clustered together in a distinct group, while great northern and pinto clustered in another group, showing mixed origin. The Andean cultivars were distributed in two different groups. The kidney market classes formed a single group, while the green bean accessions were distributed between the Andean and Mesoamerican groups, showing inter-gene pool genetic admixture. For a subset of 24 SSR markers, we compared and contrasted the genetic diversity of the commercial cultivars with those of wild and domesticated landrace accessions of common bean. An overall reduction in genetic diversity was observed in both gene pools, Andean and Mesoamerican, from wild to landraces to advanced cultivars. The limited diversity in the commercial cultivars suggests that an important goal of bean breeding programs should be to broaden the cultivated gene pool, particularly the genetic diversity of specific commercial classes, using the genetic variability present in common bean landraces.

Project description:Evaluating changes in the accumulation of grain minerals, including nitrogen (N), copper (Cu), iron (Fe), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), manganese (Mn), phosphorus (P), and zinc (Zn), across different genotypes can provide valuable information for the development of nutrient-enriched maize varieties. Meanwhile, N rates can affect maize yield and quality, but their effects on element accumulation remain to be elucidated. Here, field experiments were conducted at two locations in China over 2 years (2010 and 2011). Under a normal N application rate (240 kg N ha-1), 24 maize cultivars that had been bred and released between 1930 and 2010 were evaluated for the elemental concentrations in the grains. Cultivars Yedan 13 and Zhengdan 958, representing old- and new-era cultivars respectively, were selected to investigate grain element accumulation in response to different levels of N (0, 60, 120, 180, and 240 kg N ha-1). The results showed that element concentrations were significantly affected by year, genotype (G), N rates, and N × G interaction. Grain yield tended to increase with the year of cultivar released, while the concentrations of N, Cu, Mn, and Zn in the grain significantly declined in the new-era. The element concentrations of grains were mainly influenced by N rate or N × G interactions. As N levels increased, N, Cu, Fe, Mg, and Mn concentrations rose, while K, P, and Zn concentrations decreased. Compared with old-era cultivars, new-era cultivars showed an increase in grain yield of 25.39%; however, they demonstrated decreases in N, Cu, Fe, K, Mg, P, and Zn concentrations. In the new-era varieties, the reduction in Cu, Fe, K, and P concentrations were significantly exacerbated by high N rates, but this was not the case in the old-era varieties. The concentration of grain Cu, K, Mg, P, and Zn were higher under N-limited condition (N0), but grain yield was also lower. However, the optimal N rate (120-180 kg N ha-1) could increase N, Fe, Mg, and Mn concentrations without affecting grain yield in new-era varieties. It is concluded that maize breeding processes have improved grain yield, but reduced grain nutrient element concentrations. Enhanced concentrations of certain elements in maize grain could be achieved with optimal rates of N fertilizer being applied.

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Genetic Variability of Mineral Content in Different Grain Structures of Bean Cultivars from Mesoamerican and Andean Gene Pools.

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