Peanut protein acts as a TH2 adjuvant by inducing RALDH2 in human antigen-presenting cells.
Ontology highlight
ABSTRACT: Background
Peanut is a potent inducer of proallergenic TH2 responses in susceptible individuals. Antigen-presenting cells (APCs) including dendritic cells and monocytes instruct naive T cells to differentiate into various effector cells, determining immune responses such as allergy and tolerance.Objective
We sought to detect peanut protein (PN)-induced changes in gene expression in human myeloid dendritic cells (mDCs) and monocytes, identify signaling receptors that mediate these changes, and assess how PN-induced genes in mDCs impact their ability to promote T-cell differentiation.Methods
mDCs, monocytes, and naive CD4+ T cells were isolated from blood bank donors and peanut-allergic patients. APCs were incubated with PN and other stimulants, and gene expression was measured using microarray and RT quantitative PCR. To assess T-cell differentiation, mDCs were cocultured with naive TH cells.Results
PN induced a unique gene expression profile in mDCs, including the gene that encodes retinaldehyde dehydrogenase 2 (RALDH2), a rate-limiting enzyme in the retinoic acid (RA)-producing pathway. Stimulation of mDCs with PN also induced a 7-fold increase in the enzymatic activity of RALDH2. Blocking antibodies against Toll-like receptor (TLR)1/TLR2, as well as small interfering RNA targeting TLR1/TLR2, reduced the expression of RALDH2 in PN-stimulated APCs by 70%. Naive TH cells cocultured with PN-stimulated mDCs showed an RA-dependent 4-fold increase in production of IL-5 and expression of integrin α4β7.Conclusions
PN induces RALDH2 in human APCs by signaling through the TLR1/TLR2 heterodimer. This leads to production of RA, which acts on TH cells to induce IL-5 and gut-homing integrin. RALDH2 induction by PN in APCs and RA-promoted TH2 differentiation could be an important factor determining allergic responses to peanut.
SUBMITTER: Ruiter B
PROVIDER: S-EPMC8236067 | biostudies-literature |
REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature
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Project description:BACKGROUND:There is growing evidence that environmental peanut exposure through non-oral routes, including the skin and respiratory tract, can result in peanut sensitization. Environmental adjuvants in indoor dust can promote sensitization to inhaled antigens, but whether they contribute to peanut allergy development is unclear. OBJECTIVE:We investigated whether indoor dust promotes airway sensitization to peanut and peanut allergy development in mice. METHODS:Female and male C57BL/6J mice were exposed via the airways to peanut, indoor dust extract, or both for 2 weeks. Mice were then challenged with peanut and assessed for anaphylaxis. Peanut-specific immunoglobulins, peanut uptake by lung conventional dendritic cells (cDCs), lung innate cytokines, and T cell differentiation in lung-draining lymph nodes were quantified. Innate cytokine production by primary human bronchial epithelial cells exposed to indoor dust was also determined. RESULTS:Inhalational exposure to low levels of peanut in combination with indoor dust, but neither alone, resulted in production of peanut-specific IgE and development of anaphylaxis upon peanut challenge. Indoor dust triggered production of innate cytokines in murine lungs and in primary human bronchial epithelial cells. Additionally, inhaled indoor dust stimulated maturation and migration of peanut-laden lung type 1 cDCs to draining lymph nodes. Inhalational exposure to peanut and indoor dust induced peanut-specific T helper 2 cell differentiation and accumulation of T follicular helper cells in draining lymph nodes, which were associated with increased B cell numbers and peanut-specific immunoglobulin production. CONCLUSIONS & CLINICAL RELEVANCE:Indoor dust promotes airway sensitization to peanut and development of peanut allergy in mice. Our findings suggest that environmental adjuvants in indoor dust may be determinants of peanut allergy development in children.
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Project description:Vaccination is a critical and reliable strategy for controlling the spread of influenza viruses in populations. Conventional seasonal split vaccines (SVs) for influenza evoke weaker immune responses than other types of vaccines, such as inactivated whole-virion vaccines, although SVs are highly safe compared to other types. Here, we assessed the potential of the lipid nanoparticle (LNP) we developed as an adjuvant for conventional influenza SV as an antigen in mice. The LNP did not induce the production of cytokines such as interleukin-6 (IL-6) and IL-12 p40 by dendritic cells or the expression of co-stimulatory molecules on these cells in vitro. In contrast, an SV adjuvanted with LNP improved SV-specific IgG1 and IgG2 responses and the Th1 response compared to the SV alone in mice. In addition, SV adjuvanted with an LNP gave superior protection against the influenza virus challenge over the SV alone and was as effective as SV adjuvanted with aluminum salts in mice. The LNP did not provoke inflammatory responses such as inflammatory cytokine production and inflammatory immune cell infiltration in mice, whereas aluminum salts induced inflammatory responses. These results suggest the potential of the LNP as an adjuvant without inflammatory responses for influenza SVs. Our strategy should be useful for developing influenza vaccines with enhanced efficacy and safety.
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Project description:Antigen presenting cells (APCs) in the thymus play an essential role in the establishment of central tolerance, i.e. the generation of a repertoire of functional and self-tolerant T cells to prevent autoimmunity. In this study, we have compared the transcriptomes of four primary APCs from human thymus (mTECs, CD19+ B cells, CD141+ and CD123+ DCs). We investigated a set of genes including the HLA genes, genes encoding transcriptional regulators and finally, tissue-enriched genes, i.e, genes with a five-fold higher expression in a particular human tissue. We show that thymic CD141+ DCs express the highest levels of all classical HLA genes and 67% (14/21) of the HLA class I and II pathway genes investigated in this study. CD141+ DCs also expressed the highest levels of the transcriptional regulator DEAF1, whereas AIRE and FEZF2 expression were mainly found in primary human mTECs. We found expression of "tissue enriched genes" from the Human Protein Atlas (HPA) in all four APC types, but the mTECs were clearly dominating in the number of uniquely expressed tissue enriched genes (20% in mTECs, 7% in CD19+ B cells, 4% in CD123+ DCs and 2% in CD141+ DCs). The tissue enriched genes also overlapped with reported human autoantigens. This is, to our knowledge, the first study that performs RNA sequencing of mTECs, CD19+ B cells, CD141+ and CD123+ DCs isolated from the same individuals and provides insight into the transcriptomes of these human thymic APCs.
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Project description:Antigen-presenting cells (APC) are thought to play an important role in the pathogenesis of drug-induced immune reactions. Various pathological factors can activate APC and therefore influence the immune equilibrium. It is interesting that several diseases have been associated with an increased rate of drug allergy. The aim of this project was to evaluate the impact of such "danger signals" on sulfamethoxazole (SMX) metabolism in human APC (peripheral blood mononuclear cells, Epstein-Barr virus-modified B lymphocytes, monocyte-derived dendritic cells, and two cell lines). APC were incubated with SMX (100 microM-2 mM; 5 min-24 h), in the presence of pathological factors: bacterial endotoxins (lipopolysaccharide and staphylococcal enterotoxin B), flu viral proteins, cytokines [interleukin (IL)-1beta, IL-6, IL-10; tumor necrosis factor-alpha; interferon-gamma; and transforming growth factor-beta], inflammatory molecules (prostaglandin E2, human serum complement, and activated protein C), oxidants (buthionine sulfoximine and H(2)O(2)), and hyperthermia (37.5-39.5 degrees C). Adduct formation was evaluated by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and confocal microscopy. SMX-protein adduct formation was time- and concentration-dependent for each cell type tested, in both physiological and danger conditions. A danger environment significantly increased the formation of SMX-protein adducts and significantly shortened the delay for their detection. An additive effect was observed with a combination of danger signals. Dimedone (chemical selectively binding cysteine sulfenic acid) and antioxidants decreased both baseline and danger-enhanced SMX-adduct formation. Various enzyme inhibitors were associated with a significant decrease in SMX-adduct levels, with a pattern varying depending on the cell type and the culture conditions. These results illustrate that danger signals enhance the formation of intracellular SMX-protein adducts in human APC. These findings might be relevant to the increased frequency of drug allergy in certain disease states.
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Project description:Assessing the gene expression repertoire of antigen presenting dendritic cells Keywords: other
2004-09-30 | GSE702 | GEO
Project description:In lupus autoimmunity, pathogenic IgG autoantibodies that fix complement and bind FcGammaR on inflammatory cells, are produced with help from T helper (Th1 and Th17) cells specific for peptides from nucleosomes of apoptotic cells; and these Th cells also infiltrate vital organs (1-9). Macrophages (e.g. tingible body MΦ), and DCs are normally tolerant to apoptotic cell antigens (10), but they are activated to present such autoantigens after binding to IgG immune complexes (IC) containing apoptotic cell derived DNA/RNA, which then dually stimulate their TLR and FcGammaR (11-16). Hence, to generate the activating IC, IgG-switched autoantibodies have to be made first by T cell help. Moreover, B cells become efficient antigen presenting cells (APC) to Th cells pre-primed by other APC (17), or if the B cells have developed high affinity somatically mutated receptors by T cell help (18). Thus, conventional APCs participate as disease progresses, but it is unknown who initially primes autoimmune Th cells. We fractionated spleen cells of lupus prone SNF1 mice in search of such APC. To produce lupus-prone SNF1 mice, NZB and SWR mice were purchased from The Jackson Laboratory, ME to breed the lupus-prone SNF1 hybrids (19). Female SNF1 mice, like BWF1, have high serum levels of IgG class anti-DNA and other anti-nuclear autoantibodies by 2 mo, and spontaneously begin to develop severe lupus nephritis by 5 mo age (20). We depleted spleen cells of lupus-prone SNF1 mice of cells with mature lineage markers, including conventional APC, and then isolated pure CD117+ (c-Kit+ or K+) cells from the lineage– (Lin– or L–) cells. These Lin–c-Kit+pure cells, which had morphology of hematopoietic progenitor cells, were the main type of APC inducing nuclear autoantigen-specific T helper cell (Th17) response upon feeding them with nucleosomes. These Lin–c-Kit+pure cell isolate is called "LinminuscKitplus pure" in the Sample titles shown below. CD117 (c-Kit) is also a marker for macrophage/dendritic cell precursors (MDP), which also express CX3CR1 (21-23). Therefore, from T and B-cell depleted spleen cells, we sorted out CD117+CX3CR1–, CD117+CX3CR1+, CD117–CX3CR1+, and CD117–CX3CR1– cell subsets, and then tested their abilities to induce Th responses to nucleosomes. The CD117+CX3CR1– cells were Lin– (Lin–c-Kit+CX3CR1– or L–K+Cx–; named as "LinminuscKitplusCX3CR1minus" in the sample titles below) were very similar to L–K+pure cells (LinminuscKitplus pure), which are also CX3CR1–, although isolated in a different way. Therefore, we compared gene expression profiles of nucleosome-pulsed APC that were isolated in those two ways, namely purified Lin–c-Kit+ pure (LinminuscKitplus pure) cells or the Lin–c-Kit+CX3CR1– (LinminuscKitplusCX3CR1minus) cell subset, with other types of APCs, namely the Lin–c-Kit+CX3CR1+ subset (named as "LinminuscKitminusCX3CR1plus" in sample titles below), or CD11c+CD11blowc-Kit– cells (Dendritic cells in the sample titles below). REFERENCES 1. Adams, S., P. Leblanc, and S. K. Datta. 1991. Junctional region sequences of T-cell receptor b chain genes expressed by pathogenic anti-DNA autoantibody-inducing T helper cells from lupus mice: Possible selection by cationic autoantigens. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 88:11271-11275. 2. Mohan, C., S. Adams, V. Stanik, and S. K. Datta. 1993. Nucleosome: A major immunogen for the pathogenic autoantibody-inducing T cells of lupus. J. Exp. Med. 177:1367-1381. 3. Kaliyaperumal, A., C. Mohan, W. Wu, and S. K. Datta. 1996. Nucleosomal peptide epitopes for nephritis-inducing T helper cells of murine lupus. J. Exp. Med. 183:2459-2469. 4. Lu, L., A. Kaliyaperumal, D. T. Boumpas, and S. K. Datta. 1999. Major peptide autoepitopes for nucleosome-specific T cells of human lupus. J. Clin. Invest. 104:345-355. 5. Balomenos, D., R. Rumold, and A. N. Theofilopoulos. 1998. Interferon-gamma is required for lupus-like disease and lymphoaccumulation in MRL-lpr mice. J. Clin. Invest. 101:364-371. 6. Doreau, A., A. Belot, J. Bastid, B. Riche, M. C. Trescol-Biemont, B. Ranchin, N. Fabien, P. Cochat, C. Pouteil-Noble, P. Trolliet, I. Durieu, J. Tebib, B. Kassai, S. Ansieau, A. Puisieux, J. F. Eliaou, and N. Bonnefoy-Berard. 2009. Interleukin 17 acts in synergy with B cell-activating factor to influence B cell biology and the pathophysiology of systemic lupus erythematosus. Nat. Immunol. 10:778-785. 7. Kang, H.-K., M. Liu, and S. K. Datta. 2007. Low-Dose Peptide Tolerance Therapy of Lupus Generates Plasmacytoid Dendritic Cells That Cause Expansion of Autoantigen-Specific Regulatory T Cells and Contraction of Inflammatory Th17 Cells (cover page Figure). J Immunol 178:7849-7858. 8. Hsu, H. C., P. Yang, J. Wang, Q. Wu, R. Myers, J. Chen, J. Yi, T. Guentert, A. Tousson, A. L. Stanus, T. V. Le, R. G. Lorenz, H. Xu, J. K. Kolls, R. H. Carter, D. D. Chaplin, R. W. Williams, and J. D. Mountz. 2008. Interleukin 17-producing T helper cells and interleukin 17 orchestrate autoreactive germinal center development in autoimmune BXD2 mice. Nat. Immunol. 9:166-175. 9. Crispin, J. C., M. Oukka, G. Bayliss, R. A. Cohen, C. A. Van Beek, I. E. Stillman, V. C. Kyttaris, Y. T. Juang, and G. C. Tsokos. 2008. Expanded double negative T cells in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus produce IL-17 and infiltrate the kidneys. J. Immunol. 181:8761-8766. 10. Steinman, R. M., D. Hawiger, and M. C. Nussenzweig. 2003. Tolerogenic dendritic cells. Annu Rev Immunol 21:685-711. 11. Leadbetter, E. A., I. R. Rifkin, A. M. Hohlbaum, B. C. Beaudette, M. J. Shlomchik, and A. Marshak-Rothstein. 2002. Chromatin-IgG complexes activate B cells by dual engagement of IgM and Toll-like receptors. Nature 416:595-598. 12. Blanco, P., A. K. Palucka, M. Gill, V. Pascual, and J. Banchereau. 2001. Induction of dendritic cell differentiation by IFN-alpha in systemic lupus erythematosus. Science 294:1540-1543. 13. Means, T. K., E. Latz, F. Hayashi, M. R. Murali, D. T. Golenbock, and A. D. Luster. 2005. Human lupus autoantibody-DNA complexes activate DCs through cooperation of CD32 and TLR9. J. Clin. Invest. 115:407-417. 14. Bave, U., M. Magnusson, M. L. Eloranta, A. Perers, G. V. Alm, and L. Ronnblom. 2003. Fc gamma RIIa is expressed on natural IFN-alpha-producing cells (plasmacytoid dendritic cells) and is required for the IFN-alpha production induced by apoptotic cells combined with lupus IgG. J Immunol 171:3296-3302. 15. Niewold, T. B., J. A. Kelly, M. H. Flesch, L. R. Espinoza, J. B. Harley, and M. K. Crow. 2008. Association of the IRF5 risk haplotype with high serum interferon-alpha activity in systemic lupus erythematosus patients. Arthritis Rheum. 58:2481-2487. 16. Teichmann, L. L., M. L. Ols, M. Kashgarian, B. Reizis, D. H. Kaplan, and M. J. Shlomchik. 2010. Dendritic cells in lupus are not required for activation of T and B cells but promote their expansion, resulting in tissue damage. Immunity 33:967-978. 17. Rock, K. L., B. Benacerraf, and A. K. Abbas. 1984. Antigen presentation by hapten-specific B lymphocytes. J. Exp. Med. 160:1102-1113. 18. Chaturvedi, A., D. Dorward, and S. K. Pierce. 2008. The B cell receptor governs the subcellular location of Toll-like receptor 9 leading to hyperresponses to DNA-containing antigens. Immunity 28:799-809. 19. Datta, S. K., and R. S. Schwartz. 1976. Genetics of expression of xenotropic virus and autoimmunity in NZB mice. Nature. 263:412-415. 20. Datta, S. K., N. Manny, C. Andrzejewski, J. Andre-Schwartz, and R. S. Schwartz. 1978. Genetic studies of autoimmunity and retrovirus expression in crosses of New Zealand Black mice. I. xenotropic virus. J. Exp. Med. 147:854-871. 21. Fogg, D. K., C. Sibon, C. Miled, S. Jung, P. Aucouturier, D. R. Littman, A. Cumano, and F. Geissmann. 2006. A clonogenic bone marrow progenitor specific for macrophages and dendritic cells. Science 311:83-87. 22. Onai, N., A. Obata-Onai, M. A. Schmid, T. Ohteki, D. Jarrossay, and M. G. Manz. 2007. Identification of clonogenic common Flt3+M-CSFR+ plasmacytoid and conventional dendritic cell progenitors in mouse bone marrow. Nat. Immunol. 8:1207-1216. 23. Waskow, C., K. Liu, G. Darrasse-Jeze, P. Guermonprez, F. Ginhoux, M. Merad, T. Shengelia, K. Yao, and M. Nussenzweig. 2008. The receptor tyrosine kinase Flt3 is required for dendritic cell development in peripheral lymphoid tissues. Nat. Immunol. 9:676-683. 24. Du, P., W. A. Kibbe, and S. M. Lin. 2008. lumi: a pipeline for processing Illumina microarray. Bioinformatics 24:1547-1548. 25. Lin, S. M., P. Du, W. Huber, and W. A. Kibbe. 2008. Model-based variance-stabilizing transformation for Illumina microarray data. Nucleic Acids Res 36:e11. 26. Du, P., W. A. Kibbe, and S. M. Lin. 2007. nuID: a universal naming scheme of oligonucleotides for illumina, affymetrix, and other microarrays. Biol Direct 2:16. 27. Wettenhall, J. M., and G. K. Smyth. 2004. limmaGUI: a graphical user interface for linear modeling of microarray data. Bioinformatics 20:3705-3706. Gene profiling microarray and data analysis. Spleen cells from 3 batches of three 5 mo SNF1 female mice each time were used to obtain three independent isolations of each type of APC population. Total RNA was purified from each APC after incubation with nucleosomes (20µg/ml) for 6h. RNA expression analysis of each type of APC isolate in triplicate was performed at our Genomics Core Facility using Illumina Mouse WG-6 v2.0 Expression Beadchips, which provides coverage of around 45,281 genes and expressed sequence tags. Raw signal intensities of each probe were obtained using data analysis software (Beadstudio; Illumina) and imported to the Lumi package of Bioconductor for data analysis. Before transformation and normalization (24-26), A/P call detection was performed based on detection p value. 20,890 out of 45,281 probes with less than 0.01 were considered as valid signals. For each pairs of four comparisons: Lin–c-Kit+CX3CR1– versus Lin–c-Kit+ CX3CR1+; Lin–c-Kit+pure vs. Lin–c-Kit+CX3CR1+; Lin–c-Kit+CX3CR1– vs. DC; and Lin–c-Kit+pure vs. DC; differentially expressed genes were identified using an Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) model with empirical Bayesian variance estimation (27). Thus, 1,619 genes were identified as being differentially expressed (up or down) on the basis of a statistically significant (raw P-value < 0.01 and false discovery rate adjusted P-value < 0.05), and 1.5-fold change (up or down) in expression level in at least one of the comparisons, and out of these 230 genes were significantly UP-regulated by the above criteria in all 4 pair comparisons.
2012-06-20 | E-GEOD-36284 | biostudies-arrayexpress
Project description:Therapeutic DNA-based vaccines aim to prime an adaptive host immune response against tumor-associated antigens, eliminating cancer cells primarily through CD8+ cytotoxic T cell-mediated destruction. To be optimally effective, immunological adjuvants are required for the activation of tumor-specific CD8+ T cells responses by DNA vaccination. Here, we describe enhanced anti-tumor efficacy of an in vivo electroporation-delivered DNA vaccine by inclusion of a genetically encoded chimeric MyD88/CD40 (MC) adjuvant, which integrates both innate and adaptive immune signaling pathways. When incorporated into a DNA vaccine, signaling by the MC adjuvant increased antigen-specific CD8+ T cells and promoted elimination of pre-established tumors. Interestingly, MC-enhanced vaccine efficacy did not require direct-expression of either antigen or adjuvant by local antigen-presenting cells, but rather our data supports a key role for MC function in "atypical" antigen-presenting cells of skin. In particular, MC adjuvant-modified keratinocytes increased inflammatory cytokine secretion, upregulated surface MHC class I, and were able to increase in vitro and in vivo priming of antigen-specific CD8+ T cells. Furthermore, in the absence of critical CD8α+/CD103+ cross-priming dendritic cells, MC was still able to promote immune priming in vivo, albeit at a reduced level. Altogether, our data support a mechanism by which MC signaling activates an inflammatory phenotype in atypical antigen-presenting cells within the cutaneous vaccination site, leading to an enhanced CD8+ T cell response against DNA vaccine-encoded antigens, through both CD8α+/CD103+ dendritic cell-dependent and independent pathways.
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Project description:In lupus autoimmunity, pathogenic IgG autoantibodies that fix complement and bind FcGammaR on inflammatory cells, are produced with help from T helper (Th1 and Th17) cells specific for peptides from nucleosomes of apoptotic cells; and these Th cells also infiltrate vital organs (1-9). Macrophages (e.g. tingible body MΦ), and DCs are normally tolerant to apoptotic cell antigens (10), but they are activated to present such autoantigens after binding to IgG immune complexes (IC) containing apoptotic cell derived DNA/RNA, which then dually stimulate their TLR and FcGammaR (11-16). Hence, to generate the activating IC, IgG-switched autoantibodies have to be made first by T cell help. Moreover, B cells become efficient antigen presenting cells (APC) to Th cells pre-primed by other APC (17), or if the B cells have developed high affinity somatically mutated receptors by T cell help (18). Thus, conventional APCs participate as disease progresses, but it is unknown who initially primes autoimmune Th cells. We fractionated spleen cells of lupus prone SNF1 mice in search of such APC. To produce lupus-prone SNF1 mice, NZB and SWR mice were purchased from The Jackson Laboratory, ME to breed the lupus-prone SNF1 hybrids (19). Female SNF1 mice, like BWF1, have high serum levels of IgG class anti-DNA and other anti-nuclear autoantibodies by 2 mo, and spontaneously begin to develop severe lupus nephritis by 5 mo age (20). We depleted spleen cells of lupus-prone SNF1 mice of cells with mature lineage markers, including conventional APC, and then isolated pure CD117+ (c-Kit+ or K+) cells from the lineage– (Lin– or L–) cells. These Lin–c-Kit+pure cells, which had morphology of hematopoietic progenitor cells, were the main type of APC inducing nuclear autoantigen-specific T helper cell (Th17) response upon feeding them with nucleosomes. These Lin–c-Kit+pure cell isolate is called "LinminuscKitplus pure" in the Sample titles shown below. CD117 (c-Kit) is also a marker for macrophage/dendritic cell precursors (MDP), which also express CX3CR1 (21-23). Therefore, from T and B-cell depleted spleen cells, we sorted out CD117+CX3CR1–, CD117+CX3CR1+, CD117–CX3CR1+, and CD117–CX3CR1– cell subsets, and then tested their abilities to induce Th responses to nucleosomes. The CD117+CX3CR1– cells were Lin– (Lin–c-Kit+CX3CR1– or L–K+Cx–; named as "LinminuscKitplusCX3CR1minus" in the sample titles below) were very similar to L–K+pure cells (LinminuscKitplus pure), which are also CX3CR1–, although isolated in a different way. Therefore, we compared gene expression profiles of nucleosome-pulsed APC that were isolated in those two ways, namely purified Lin–c-Kit+ pure (LinminuscKitplus pure) cells or the Lin–c-Kit+CX3CR1– (LinminuscKitplusCX3CR1minus) cell subset, with other types of APCs, namely the Lin–c-Kit+CX3CR1+ subset (named as "LinminuscKitminusCX3CR1plus" in sample titles below), or CD11c+CD11blowc-Kit– cells (Dendritic cells in the sample titles below). REFERENCES 1. Adams, S., P. Leblanc, and S. K. Datta. 1991. Junctional region sequences of T-cell receptor b chain genes expressed by pathogenic anti-DNA autoantibody-inducing T helper cells from lupus mice: Possible selection by cationic autoantigens. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 88:11271-11275. 2. Mohan, C., S. Adams, V. Stanik, and S. K. Datta. 1993. Nucleosome: A major immunogen for the pathogenic autoantibody-inducing T cells of lupus. J. Exp. Med. 177:1367-1381. 3. Kaliyaperumal, A., C. Mohan, W. Wu, and S. K. Datta. 1996. Nucleosomal peptide epitopes for nephritis-inducing T helper cells of murine lupus. J. Exp. Med. 183:2459-2469. 4. Lu, L., A. Kaliyaperumal, D. T. Boumpas, and S. K. Datta. 1999. Major peptide autoepitopes for nucleosome-specific T cells of human lupus. J. Clin. Invest. 104:345-355. 5. Balomenos, D., R. Rumold, and A. N. Theofilopoulos. 1998. Interferon-gamma is required for lupus-like disease and lymphoaccumulation in MRL-lpr mice. J. Clin. Invest. 101:364-371. 6. Doreau, A., A. Belot, J. Bastid, B. Riche, M. C. Trescol-Biemont, B. Ranchin, N. Fabien, P. Cochat, C. Pouteil-Noble, P. Trolliet, I. Durieu, J. Tebib, B. Kassai, S. Ansieau, A. Puisieux, J. F. Eliaou, and N. Bonnefoy-Berard. 2009. Interleukin 17 acts in synergy with B cell-activating factor to influence B cell biology and the pathophysiology of systemic lupus erythematosus. Nat. Immunol. 10:778-785. 7. Kang, H.-K., M. Liu, and S. K. Datta. 2007. Low-Dose Peptide Tolerance Therapy of Lupus Generates Plasmacytoid Dendritic Cells That Cause Expansion of Autoantigen-Specific Regulatory T Cells and Contraction of Inflammatory Th17 Cells (cover page Figure). J Immunol 178:7849-7858. 8. Hsu, H. C., P. Yang, J. Wang, Q. Wu, R. Myers, J. Chen, J. Yi, T. Guentert, A. Tousson, A. L. Stanus, T. V. Le, R. G. Lorenz, H. Xu, J. K. Kolls, R. H. Carter, D. D. Chaplin, R. W. Williams, and J. D. Mountz. 2008. Interleukin 17-producing T helper cells and interleukin 17 orchestrate autoreactive germinal center development in autoimmune BXD2 mice. Nat. Immunol. 9:166-175. 9. Crispin, J. C., M. Oukka, G. Bayliss, R. A. Cohen, C. A. Van Beek, I. E. Stillman, V. C. Kyttaris, Y. T. Juang, and G. C. Tsokos. 2008. Expanded double negative T cells in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus produce IL-17 and infiltrate the kidneys. J. Immunol. 181:8761-8766. 10. Steinman, R. M., D. Hawiger, and M. C. Nussenzweig. 2003. Tolerogenic dendritic cells. Annu Rev Immunol 21:685-711. 11. Leadbetter, E. A., I. R. Rifkin, A. M. Hohlbaum, B. C. Beaudette, M. J. Shlomchik, and A. Marshak-Rothstein. 2002. Chromatin-IgG complexes activate B cells by dual engagement of IgM and Toll-like receptors. Nature 416:595-598. 12. Blanco, P., A. K. Palucka, M. Gill, V. Pascual, and J. Banchereau. 2001. Induction of dendritic cell differentiation by IFN-alpha in systemic lupus erythematosus. Science 294:1540-1543. 13. Means, T. K., E. Latz, F. Hayashi, M. R. Murali, D. T. Golenbock, and A. D. Luster. 2005. Human lupus autoantibody-DNA complexes activate DCs through cooperation of CD32 and TLR9. J. Clin. Invest. 115:407-417. 14. Bave, U., M. Magnusson, M. L. Eloranta, A. Perers, G. V. Alm, and L. Ronnblom. 2003. Fc gamma RIIa is expressed on natural IFN-alpha-producing cells (plasmacytoid dendritic cells) and is required for the IFN-alpha production induced by apoptotic cells combined with lupus IgG. J Immunol 171:3296-3302. 15. Niewold, T. B., J. A. 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2012-06-21 | GSE36284 | GEO