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The gut microbiome contributes to blood-brain barrier disruption in spontaneously hypertensive stroke prone rats.

ABSTRACT: In recent years, it has become apparent that the gut microbiome can influence the functioning and pathological states of organs and systems throughout the body. In this study, we tested the hypothesis that the gut microbiome has a major role in the disruption of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) in the spontaneously hypertensive stroke prone rats (SHRSP), an animal model for hypertensive cerebral small vessel disease (CSVD). Loss of BBB is thought to be an early and initiating component to the full expression of CSVD in animal models and humans. To test this hypothesis, newly born SHRSP pups were placed with foster dams of the SHRSP strain or dams of the WKY strain, the control strain that does not demonstrate BBB dysfunction or develop hypertensive CSVD. Similarly, WKY pups were placed with foster dams of the same or opposite strain. The rationale for cross fostering is that the gut microbiomes are shaped by environmental bacteria of the foster dam and the nesting surroundings. Analysis of the bacterial genera in feces, using 16S rRNA analysis, demonstrated that the gut microbiome in the rat pups was influenced by the foster dam. SHRSP offspring fostered on WKY dams had systolic blood pressures (SBPs) that were significantly decreased by 26 mmHg (P < .001) from 16-20 weeks, compared to SHRSP offspring fostered on SHRSP dams. Similarly WKY offspring fostered on SHRSP dams had significantly increased SBP compared to WKY offspring fostered on WKY dams, although the magnitude of SBP change was not as robust. At ~20 weeks of age, rats fostered on SHRSP dams showed enhanced inflammation in distal ileum regardless of the strain of the offspring. Disruption of BBB integrity, an early marker of CSVD onset, was improved in SHRSPs that were fostered on WKY dams when compared to the SHRSP rats fostered on SHRSP dams. Although SHRSP is a genetic model for CSVD, environmental factors such as the gut microbiota of the foster dam have a major influence in the loss of BBB integrity.

SUBMITTER: Nelson JW

PROVIDER: S-EPMC8238036 | biostudies-literature |

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Project description:BackgroundCanola oil (Can) and several vegetable oils shorten the lifespan of stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRSP). Although similar lifespan shortening has been reported for partially hydrogenated Can, the efficacy of fully hydrogenated oils on the lifespan remains unknown. The present study aimed to investigate the lifespan of SHRSP fed diets containing 10 % (w/w) of fully hydrogenated Can (FHCO) or other oils.MethodsSurvival test: Upon weaning, male SHRSP were fed a basal diet for rodents mixed with one of the test oils -i.e., FHCO, Can, lard (Lrd), and palm oil (Plm) throughout the experiment. The animals could freely access the diet and drinking water (water containing 1 % NaCl), and their body weight, food intake, and lifespan were recorded. Biochemical analysis test: Male SHRSP were fed a test diet with either FHCO, Can, or soybean oil (Soy) under the same condition, except to emphasize effects of fat, that no NaCl loading was applied. Soy was used as a fat source in the basal diet and was set the control group. Blood pressures was checked every 2 weeks, and serum fat levels and histological analyses of the brain and kidney were examined after 7 or 12 weeks of feeding.ResultsDuring the survival study period, the food consumption of FHCO-fed rats significantly increased (15-20 % w/w) compared with that of rats fed any other oil. However, the body weight gain in the FHCO group was significantly less (10-12 %) than that in the control group at 9-11 weeks old. The FHCO (> 180 days) intervention had the greatest effect on lifespan, followed by the Lrd (115 ± 6 days), Plm (101 ± 2 days), and Can (94 ± 3 days) diets. FHCO remarkably decreased the serum cholesterol level compared with Can and the systolic blood pressure from 12 to 16 weeks of age. In addition, while some rats in the Can group exhibited brain hemorrhaging and renal dysfunction at 16 weeks old, no symptoms were observed in the FHCO group.ConclusionThis current study suggests that complete hydrogenation decreases the toxicity of Can and even prolongs the lifespan in SHRSP.

Project description:Background: CD38 is a transmembrane glycoprotein that catabolizes nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) and is the main source for the age-dependent decrease in NAD+ levels. Increased CD38 enzymatic activity has been implicated in several neurological diseases. However, its role in the pathogenesis of cerebral small vessel disease (CSVD) remains unknown. We aimed to characterize CD38 expression and enzymatic activity in the brain of spontaneously hypertensive stroke-prone rats (SHRSP), a genetic model for hypertension and human CSVD, in comparison to age-matched normotensive Wistar Kyoto rats (WKY). Materials and Methods: Age-matched male 7- and 24-week-old WKY and SHRSP were studied. CD38 enzymatic activity was determined in the brain homogenate. Immunohistochemistry and Western Blotting (WB) were used to characterize CD38 expression and localize it in the different cell types within the brain. In addition, expression of nitric oxide synthase (NOS) isoforms and the levels of nitric oxide (NO), superoxide, nicotinamide dinucleotide (phosphate) NAD(P)H were measured the brain of in WKY and SHRSP. Results: CD38 expression and enzymatic activity were increased in SHRSP brains compared to age matched WKY starting at 7 weeks of age. CD38 expression was localized to the endothelial cells, astrocytes, and microglia. We also identified increased CD38 expression using WB with age in SHRSP and WKY. CD38 enzymatic activity was also increased in 24-week SHRSP compared to 7-week SHRSP. In association, we identified evidence of oxidative stress, reduced NO level, reduced NAD(P)H level and endothelial NOS expression in SHRSP compared to age matched WKY. NAD(P)H also decreased with age in WKY and SHRSP. Additionally, activation of astrocytes and microglia were present in SHRSP compared to WKY. Conclusions: CD38 is overexpressed, and its enzymatic activity is increased in SHRSP, a genetic model for marked hypertension and human CSVD. Our results suggest a potential role for CD38 enzymatic activation in the pathogenesis of CSVD and points to the need for future mechanistic and pharmacological studies.

Project description:Hypertensive disorders of pregnancy are the second leading cause of maternal deaths worldwide. Superimposed preeclampsia is an increasingly common problem and often associated with impaired placental perfusion. Understanding the underlying mechanisms and developing treatment options are crucial. The pregnant stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive rat has impaired uteroplacental blood flow and abnormal uterine artery remodeling. We used Ang II (angiotensin II) infusion in pregnant stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive rats to mimic the increased cardiovascular stress associated with superimposed preeclampsia and examine the impact on the maternal cardiovascular system and fetal development. Continuous infusion of Ang II at 500 or 1000 ng/kg per minute was administered from gestational day 10.5 until term. Radiotelemetry and echocardiography were used to monitor hemodynamic and cardiovascular changes, and urine was collected prepregnancy and throughout gestation. Uterine artery myography assessed uteroplacental vascular function and structure. Fetal measurements were made at gestational day 18.5, and placentas were collected for histological and gene expression analyses. The 1000 ng/kg per minute Ang II treatment significantly increased blood pressure (P<0.01), reduced cardiac output (P<0.05), and reduced diameter and increased stiffness of the uterine arteries (P<0.01) during pregnancy. The albumin:creatinine ratio was increased in both Ang II treatment groups (P<0.05; P<0.0001). The 1000 ng/kg per minute-treated fetuses were significantly smaller than vehicle treatment (P<0.001). Placental expression of Ang II receptors was increased in the junctional zone in 1000 ng/kg per minute Ang II-treated groups (P<0.05), with this zone showing depletion of glycogen content and structural abnormalities. Ang II infusion in pregnant stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive rats mirrors hemodynamic, cardiac, and urinary profiles observed in preeclamptic women, with evidence of impaired fetal growth.

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The gut microbiome contributes to blood-brain barrier disruption in spontaneously hypertensive stroke prone rats.

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