The effect of selected in ovo green light photostimulation periods on post-hatch broiler growth and somatotropic axis activity.
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ABSTRACT:
SUBMITTER: Dishon L
PROVIDER: S-EPMC8239476 | biostudies-literature |
REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature
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Project description:Targeted green light photostimulation during the last stage of broiler incubation increases expression of the somatotropic axis. The purpose of this study was to further shorten the in ovo green light photostimulation and determine the critical age for photostimulation in broilers embryos, as a future strategy for broiler incubation. Fertile broilers eggs (n = 420) were divided into 5 treatment groups. The first group was incubated under standard conditions (in the dark) as the negative control group. The second was incubated under intermittent monochromatic green light using light-emitting diode lamps with an intensity of 0.1 W/m2 at shell level from embryonic day (ED) 0 of incubation until hatch, as a positive control. The third, fourth, and fifth groups were incubated under intermittent monochromatic green light from ED 15, 16, and 18 of incubation, respectively, until hatch. All treatment groups showed elevated somatotropic axis expression compared with the negative control, with the group incubated under monochromatic green light from ED 18 until hatch showing results closest to the positive control. This suggests that broiler embryos can be exposed to in ovo green light photostimulation from a late stage of incubation (when transferring the eggs to the hatchery) and exhibit essentially the same outcome as obtained by photostimulation during the entire incubation period.
| S-EPMC7858043 | biostudies-literature
Project description:The aim of this study was to explore the outcomes of an in ovo GABA injection in broilers challenged with HS. In Experiment 1, 210 Arbor Acres eggs were allocated to five treatments: no-injection, and in ovo injection of 0.6 mL of 0%, 5%, 10%, or 20% of GABA. Hatchling weight and CWEWR were significantly increased in the 5% GABA group. In ovo, injection of 10% GABA solution caused a significant decrease in plasma cholesterol and increased plasma total antioxidant capacity of hatchlings. Experiment 2 was conducted with 126 fertile Arbor Acres eggs distributed into one of two groups. At 17.5 days of incubation, one received no injection, and the other was fed 0.6 mL of 10% GABA. On day 10, one subgroup (4 replicates * 3 birds) from each treatment was submitted to HS (38 ± 1 °C for 3 h) while the other was kept at a thermoneutral temperature (29 ± 1 °C). An in ovo injection of GABA significantly increased total antioxidant capacity, but reduced malondialdehyde levels, hepatic mRNA levels of HSP70, FAS, and L-FABP with HS. In conclusion, an in ovo GABA injection improves CWEWR and antioxidant status at hatch, and enhances antioxidant status while downregulating the expression of HSP70 and fatty acid metabolism-related genes in young chicks under HS.
| S-EPMC8151094 | biostudies-literature
Project description:BackgroundHigh environmental temperatures induce heat stress in broiler chickens, affecting their health and production performance. Several dietary, managerial, and genetics strategies have been tested with some success in mitigating heat stress (HS) in broilers. Developing novel HS mitigation strategies for sustaining broiler production is critically needed. This study investigated the effects of pre-hatch thermal manipulation (TM) and post-hatch baicalein supplementation on growth performance and health parameters in heat-stressed broilers.ResultsSix hundred fertile Cobb 500 eggs were incubated for 21 d. After candling on embryonic day (ED) 10, 238 eggs were thermally manipulated at 38.5 °C with 55% relative humidity (RH) from ED 12 to 18, then transferred to the hatcher (ED 19 to 21, standard temperature) and 236 eggs were incubated at a controlled temperature (37.5 °C) till hatch. After hatch, 180-day-old chicks from both groups were raised in 36 pens (n = 10 birds/pen, 6 replicates per treatment). The treatments were: 1) Control, 2) TM, 3) control heat stress (CHS), 4) thermal manipulation heat stress (TMHS), 5) control heat stress supplement (CHSS), and 6) thermal manipulation heat stress supplement (TMHSS). All birds were raised under the standard environment for 21 d, followed by chronic heat stress from d 22 to 35 (32-33 °C for 8 h) in the CHS, TMHS, CHSS, and TMHSS groups. A thermoneutral (22-24 °C) environment was maintained in the Control and TM groups. RH was constant (50% ± 5%) throughout the trial. All the data were analyzed using one-way ANOVA in R and GraphPad software at P < 0.05 and are presented as mean ± SEM. Heat stress significantly decreased (P < 0.05) the final body weight and ADG in CHS and TMHS groups compared to the other groups. Embryonic TM significantly increased (P < 0.05) the expression of heat shock protein-related genes (HSP70, HSP90, and HSPH1) and antioxidant-related genes (GPX1 and TXN). TMHS birds showed a significant increment (P < 0.05) in total cecal volatile fatty acid (VFA) concentration compared to the CHS birds. The cecal microbial analysis showed significant enrichment (P < 0.05) in alpha and beta diversity and Coprococcus in the TMHSS group.ConclusionsPre-hatch TM and post-hatch baicalein supplementation in heat-stressed birds mitigate the detrimental effects of heat stress on chickens' growth performance, upregulate favorable gene expression, increase VFA production, and promote gut health by increasing beneficial microbial communities.
| S-EPMC10802028 | biostudies-literature
Project description:The effect of ME intake (MEI) on the reproductive system was evaluated. Ross 308 broiler breeder pullets (n = 140) were assigned to 2 treatments from 22 to 26 wk of age: (1) Low-energy diet fed restricted (2,807 kcal/kg, low MEI) and (2) high-energy diet fed unrestricted (3,109 kcal/kg, high MEI). Daylength was increased from 8 to 14 h at 22 wk of age with a light intensity of 30 lux. Daily palpation was used to detect sexual maturity via the presence of a hard-shelled egg in the shell gland. Expression of gonadotropin releasing hormone-I (GnRH) and gonadotropin inhibitory hormone (GnIH) genes in the hypothalamus and GnRH receptor (GnRH-RI) and GnIH receptor (GnIH-R) genes in the anterior pituitary gland of each pullet was evaluated from 22 to 26 wk of age using quantitative real time-PCR. Blood samples were taken weekly and luteinizing hormone (LH), follicle stimulating-hormone (FSH), and 17-beta-estradiol (E2) determined using commercial ELISA kits. Carcass samples were used for determination of CP and fat content. Data were analyzed using the MIXED procedure in SAS, and differences were reported where P ≤ 0.05. High MEI treatment pullets had 2.3-fold higher GnRH and 1.8-fold higher GnRH-RI mRNA levels than low MEI pullets. MEI affected neither expression of GnIH and GnIH-R nor carcass protein content. For high MEI (489 kcal/D) and low MEI treatments (258 kcal/D), respectively, from 22 to 26 wk of age (P ≤ 0.05), LH concentration was 3.05 and 1.60 ng/mL; FSH concentration was 145 and 89.3 pg/mL; E2 concentration was 429 and 266 pg/mL, and carcass lipid was 13.9 and 10.3%. The onset of lay for pullets in the high MEI treatment advanced such that 100% had laid by 26 wk of age compared with 30% in the low MEI treatment. We concluded that higher MEI advanced the activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis and also increased body lipid deposition, and moreover, stimulated reproductive hormone levels which overall accelerated puberty in broiler breeder pullets.
| S-EPMC7587636 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Reproductive efficiency such as fertility and hatch of fertile (HoF) are of economic importance and concern to breeding companies becaue of their effects on chick output. Similar to other traits of economic importance in poultry breeding, the rate of response for HoF is largely dependent on the use of an appropriate model for evaluating the trait. Therefore, the objectives of this study were to estimate genetic parameters from cumulative, repeatability, fixed regression, random regression, and multitrait models for HoF from a pure-line broiler breeder. The data available for this study consisted of weekly HoF records from 11,729 hens with a total pedigree record of 38,260. Estimates of heritability from the various models ranged from 0.04 to 0.22 with the highest estimate obtained from the cumulative model and the lowest from the repeatability model. Responses to selection estimated for the different models ranged from 0.03 to 0.08% gain per year of the phenotypic mean. In general, the cumulative and the repeatability models underestimated response to selection. The multitrait and random regression models gave similar results for response to selection at 0.08 percentage change in phenotypic mean. In conclusion, the cumulative model is not optimal for modeling HoF, and likewise, the repeatability model. The random regression and multitrait models should be considered instead as they offered a higher response to selection. However, if a multitrait analysis is to be considered, it is recommended to split up the production period in such a way as to avoid computational constraints due to overparameterization.
| S-EPMC8008174 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Pioneer colonization of the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) by bacteria is thought to have major influence on neonatal tissue development. Previous studies have shown in ovo inoculation of embryos with saline (S), species of Citrobacter (C, C2), or lactic acid bacteria (L) resulted in an altered microbiome on day of the hatch (DOH). The present study investigated GIT proteomic changes at DOH in relation to different inoculations. Embryos were inoculated in ovo with S or ?102 cfu of C, C2, or L at 18 embryonic days. On DOH, the GIT was collected, and tissue proteins were extracted for analysis via tandem mass spectrometry. A total of 493 proteins were identified for differential comparison with S at P ? 0.10. Different levels were noted in 107, 39, and 78 proteins in C, C2, and L groups, respectively, which were uploaded to Ingenuity Pathway Analysis to determine canonical pathways and biological functions related to these changes. Three members of the cytokine family (interleukin [IL]-1?, IL6, and Oncostatin M) were predicted to be activated in C2, indicated with Z-score ? 1.50, which suggested an overall proinflammatory GIT condition. This was consistent with the activation of the acute-phase response signaling pathway seen exclusively in C2 (Z-score = 2.00, P < 0.01). However, activation (Z-score = 2.00) of IL-13, upregulation of peroxiredoxin-1 and superoxide dismutase 1, in addition to activation of nitric oxide signaling in the cardiovascular system of the L treatment may predict a state of increased antioxidant capacity and decreased inflammatory status. The nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (NRF2)-mediated oxidative stress response (Z-score = 2.00, P < 0.01) was predicted to be upregulated in C which suggested that chicks were in an inflammatory state and associated oxidative stress, but the impact of these pathways differed from that of C2. These changes in the proteome suggest that pioneer colonizing microbiota may have a strong impact on pathways associated with GIT immune and cellular development.
| S-EPMC7587751 | biostudies-literature
Project description:There are indications that lighting schedules applied during incubation can affect leg health at hatching and during rearing. The current experiment studied effects of lighting schedule: continuous light (24L), 12 hours of light, followed by 12 hours of darkness (12L:12D), or continuous darkness (24D) throughout incubation of broiler chicken eggs on the development and strength of leg bones, and the role of selected hormones in bone development. In the tibiatarsus and femur, growth and ossification during incubation and size and microstructure at day (D)0, D21, and D35 post hatching were measured. Plasma melatonin, growth hormone, and IGF-I were determined perinatally. Incidence of tibial dyschondroplasia, a leg pathology resulting from poor ossification at the bone's epiphyseal plates, was determined at slaughter on D35. 24L resulted in lower embryonic ossification at embryonic day (E)13 and E14, and lower femur length, and lower tibiatarsus weight, length, cortical area, second moment of area around the minor axis, and mean cortical thickness at hatching on D0 compared to 12L:12D especially. Results were long term, with lower femur weight and tibiatarsus length, cortical and medullary area of the tibiatarsus, and second moment of area around the minor axis, and a higher incidence of tibial dyschondroplasia for 24L. Growth hormone at D0 was higher for 24D than for 12L:12D, with 24L intermediate, but plasma melatonin and IGF-I did not differ between treatments, and the role of plasma melatonin, IGF-I, and growth hormone in this process was therefore not clear. To conclude, in the current experiment, 24L during incubation of chicken eggs had a detrimental effect on embryonic leg bone development and later life leg bone strength compared to 24D and 12L:12D, while the light-dark rhythm of 12L:12D may have a stimulating effect on leg health.
| S-EPMC6347197 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Background: Growth hormone (GH) stimulates the production of insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) in most tissues and together GH and IGF-1 profoundly impact adipose tissue deposition, glucose metabolism and cardiovascular function. A low serum IGF-I level has been reported as being associated with obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) and might be one of the mechanisms underlying cardio-metabolic risk in OSA patients. Methods: In a multicenter national study, 817 patients consulting for suspicion of OSA (OSA confirmed for 567 patients) underwent serum IGF-1 measurements. We analyzed the association between an IGF-1 level below the median value of the population and variables related to cardio-metabolic risk: body mass index (BMI) and waist circumference, apnea hypopnea index (AHI), cholesterol and triglycerides (expressed as median and divided into quartiles for continuous variables). Results: After adjustment for age and gender, low IGF-1 levels were associated with increased BMI and AHI (Odds ratios (OR) = 2.83; p < 0.0001 and OR = 3.03, p < 0.0001 for Quartile 4 vs. Quartile1, respectively), with elevated cholesterol levels (OR = 1.36, p = 0.0444), and elevated triglyceride levels (OR = 1.36; p = 0.0008). Conclusions: Both adiposity and sleep apnea synergistically predict low levels of IGF-1 and thus could together contribute toward cardio-metabolic risk. Further work are needed to confirm whether IGF-1 levels allow grading severity and predicting response to treatments to aim at a personalized medicine for patients suffering from OSA.
| S-EPMC7325876 | biostudies-literature
Project description:The transcription factor MYC is overexpressed in many human cancers and has a significant causal role in tumor incidence and progression. In contrast, Myc +/- heterozygous mice, which have decreased MYC expression, exhibit a 10-20% increase in lifespan and a decreased incidence or progression of several age-related diseases. Myc heterozygous mice were also reported to have decreased mTOR and IGF1 signaling, two pathways whose reduced activity is associated with longevity in diverse species. Given MYC's downstream role in these pathways, the downregulation of mTOR and IGF1 signaling in Myc heterozygotes suggests the presence of feedback loops within this regulatory network. In this communication we provide further evidence that the reduction of Myc expression in Myc +/- heterozygous mice provokes a female-specific decrease in circulating IGF1 as well as a reduction of IGF1 protein in the liver. In particular, reduced Myc expression led to upregulation of miRNAs that target the Igf1 transcript, thereby inhibiting its translation and leading to decreased IGF1 protein levels. Using Argonaute (AGO)-CLIP-sequencing we found enrichment of AGO binding in the Igf1 transcript at the target sites of let-7, miR-122, and miR-29 in female, but not male Myc heterozygotes. Upregulation of the liver-specific miR-122 in primary hepatocytes in culture and in vivo in mice resulted in significant downregulation of IGF1 protein, but not mRNA. Reduced levels of IGF1 increased GH production in the pituitary through a well-documented negative-feedback relationship. In line with this, we found that IGF1 levels in bone (where miR-122 is not expressed) were unchanged, consistent with the decreased incidence of osteoporosis in female Myc heterozygotes, despite decreased circulating IGF1.
| S-EPMC10615138 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Synbiotics are synergistic combinations of prebiotics and probiotics. In chickens, synbiotics can be delivered in ovo to expedite colonization of the gut by beneficial bacteria. We therefore aimed to design synbiotics in vitro and validate them in broiler chickens upon in ovo delivery. The probiotic components of the synbiotics were Lactobacillus salivarius and Lactobacillus plantarum. Their growth was assessed in MRS medium supplemented with different prebiotics. Based on in vitro results (hatchability and growth curve), two synbiotics were designed: S1 -Lactobacillus salivarius with galactooligosaccarides (GOS) and S2 -Lactobacillus plantarum with raffinose family oligosaccharides (RFO). These synbiotics were delivered to Cobb broiler chicken embryos on day 12 of incubation at optimized doses (105 cfu egg-1 of probiotic, 2 mg egg-1 of prebiotic). Post hatching, 2,400 roosters were reared (600 individuals group-1 divided into eight replicate pens). Microbial communities were analyzed in ileal and cecal digesta on day 21 using FISH. Gene expression analysis (IL1?, IL4, IL6, IL8, IL12, IL18, IFN?, and IFN?) was performed on days 7, 14, 21, and 42 for the spleen and cecal tonsils with RT-qPCR. Body weight and feed intake of the roosters did not differ by the treatments. Microbial populations of Lactobacillus spp. and Enterococcus spp. in the ileum were higher in S1 and S2 than in the control. In the cecum, the control had the highest bacterial counts. S1 caused significant up-regulation of IL6, IL18, IL1?, IFN?, and IFN? in the spleen on day 21 and IL1? on day 7 (P < 0.05). In cecal tonsils, S1 caused significant down-regulation of IL12, IL8, and IL1? on day 42 and IFN? on day 14 (P < 0.05). S2 did not elicit such patterns in any tissues investigated. Thus, we demonstrate that divergent effects of synbiotics in broiler chickens were reflected in in vitro tests.
| S-EPMC5207659 | biostudies-literature