Exacerbation of immune thrombocytopenia following COVID-19 vaccination.
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ABSTRACT:
SUBMITTER: Kuter DJ
PROVIDER: S-EPMC8239625 | biostudies-literature |
REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature
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Project description:We report 5 cases of prothrombotic immune thrombocytopenia after exposure to the ChAdOx1 vaccine (AZD1222, Vaxzevria) against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Patients presented 5 to 11 days after first vaccination. The spectrum of clinical manifestations included cerebral venous sinus thrombosis, splanchnic vein thrombosis, arterial cerebral thromboembolism, and thrombotic microangiopathy. All patients had thrombocytopenia and markedly elevated D-dimer. Autoantibodies against platelet factor 4 (PF4) were detected in all patients, although they had never been exposed to heparin. Immunoglobulin from patient sera bound to healthy donor platelets in an AZD1222-dependent manner, suppressed by heparin. Aggregation of healthy donor platelets by patient sera was demonstrated in the presence of buffer or AZD1222 and was also suppressed by heparin. Anticoagulation alone or in combination with eculizumab or intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) resolved the pathology in 3 patients. Two patients had thromboembolic events despite anticoagulation at a time when platelets were increasing after IVIG. In summary, an unexpected autoimmune prothrombotic disorder is described after vaccination with AZD1222. It is characterized by thrombocytopenia and anti-PF4 antibodies binding to platelets in AZD1222-dependent manner. Initial clinical experience suggests a risk of unusual and severe thromboembolic events.
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Project description:Immune thrombocytopenia (ITP) is an acquired autoimmune disorder characterized by low platelet count and increased bleeding risk. COVID-19 vaccination has been described as risk factor for de novo ITP, but the effects of COVID-19 vaccination in patients with ITP are unknown. Our aims were to investigate the effects of COVID-19 vaccination in ITP patients on platelet count, bleeding complications and ITP exacerbation (any of: ≥50% decline in platelet count; or nadir platelet count <30x109/L with >20% decrease from baseline; or use of rescue therapy). Platelet counts of ITP patients and healthy controls were collected immediately before, 1 and 4 weeks after first and second vaccination. Linear mixed-effects modelling was applied to analyze platelet counts over time. We included 218 ITP patients (50.9% female, mean age 55 years and median platelet count of 106x109/L) and 200 healthy controls (60.0% female, mean age 58 years and median platelet count of 256x109/L). Platelet counts decreased by 6.3% after vaccination. We observed no difference in decrease between the groups. Thirty ITP patients (13.8%, 95%CI 9.5%-19.1%) had an exacerbation and 5 (2.2%, 95%CI 0.7%-5.3%) suffered from a bleeding event. Risk factors for ITP exacerbation were platelet count <50x109/L (OR 5.3, 95%CI 2.1-13.7), ITP treatment at time of vaccination (OR 3.4, 95%CI 1.5-8.0) and age (OR 0.96 per year, 95%CI 0.94-0.99). Our study highlights safety of COVID-19 vaccination in ITP patients and importance of close monitoring platelet counts in a subgroup of ITP patients. ITP patients with exacerbation responded well on therapy.
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Project description:Thrombosis with thrombocytopenia syndrome (TTS) is an extremely rare but potentially serious adverse event following immunization with the adenovirus vector-based COVID-19 vaccines Ad26.COV2.S (Janssen / Johnson & Johnson) or ChAdOx1 (AstraZeneca). However, no cases of TTS have been reported in over 1.5 million individuals who received a second immunization with Ad26.COV2.S in the United States, suggesting that anti-vector immunity may reduce TTS risk. Here we show robust stimulation of platelet activation and coagulation pathways and innate immune pathways in patients with TTS but only transient activation of these pathways following vaccination. We evaluated proteomic profiles in 2 patients with TTS and transcriptomic and proteomic profiles in 20 people following an initial dose and a booster dose of Ad26.COV2.S and in 14 people who received the mRNA vaccines BNT162b2 or mRNA-1273. Initial Ad26.COV2.S vaccination induced transient activation of platelet activation and coagulation pathways and innate proinflammatory pathways that resolved by day 7. TTS patients showed enhanced and sustained upregulation of these pathways, whereas a second immunization with Ad26.COV2.S or a reduced initial dose of Ad26.COV2.S resulted in lower activation of these pathways. These data provide insight into TTS pathogenesis and suggest a potential strategy for reducing TTS risk by lowering the dose of Ad26.COV2.S.
2023-10-13 | GSE220659 | GEO
Project description: Not available
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Project description:The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccination frequently leads to minor side-effects, that may be more intense after the second dose, but more serious side effects have been reported. We report a case of a 24-year-old man who presented to the hospital with acute substernal chest pain, 4 days after his second COVID-19 Moderna vaccination. Laboratory studies revealed elevated troponins and negative viral serologies. Cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (cMRI) demonstrated edema and delayed gadolinium enhancement of the left ventricle in a midmyocardial and epicardial distribution. The patient was diagnosed with myocarditis following Moderna vaccination. Our case report raises concern that myocarditis is a rare side effect of COVID-19 vaccine. Despite our report, it appears that there is a significantly higher risk of cardiac involvement from COVID-19 infection compared to COVID-19 vaccination.
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Project description:Introduction and importanceCoronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a recently discovered disease that has yet to be thoroughly described. It is caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), a novel virus that can be transmitted easily from human to human, mainly by the respiratory route. The disease often presents with non-specific symptoms such as fever, headache, and fatigue, accompanied by respiratory symptoms (e.g., cough and dyspnea) and other systemic involvement. Currently, vaccination is the primary strategy to prevent transmission and reduce disease severity. However, vaccines have side effects, and the consequences of vaccination in different diseases are not well established. Moreover, the impact of SARS-CoV-2 vaccination during pregnancy is another not well-known area.Case presentationWe present a young lady known to have ITP, which was controlled for years, presented with relapse after taking the SARS-CoV-2 vaccine during pregnancy.Clinical discussionThe patient had a relapse of ITP after the introduction of the first dose of the COVID-19 vaccine, which worsened further after the second dose. This suggests that patients with ITP who develop flare post-SARS-CoV-2 vaccine should have their second dose delayed, particularly if pregnant.ConclusionTo avoid further deterioration in platelet count, and avoid confusion due to the presence of different causes of thrombocytopenia and avoid complications related to thrombocytopenia during pregnancy which can affect the mode of delivery.The case is reported in line with the scare 2020 criteriaAgha RA, Franchi T, Sohrabi C, Mathew G, for the SCARE Group. The SCARE 2020 Guideline: Updating Consensus Surgical CAse REport (SCARE) Guidelines, International Journal of Surgery 2020; 84:226-230.
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Project description:Abstract Messenger RNA vaccines are the main COVID-19 vaccines authorized for use in the United States. Side effects are typically minor and transient. We report a case series of four subjects with an acute myocarditis-like illness following mRNA COVID-19 vaccination who were hospitalized at our hospital in Lubbock, Texas. Three patients were young men who presented with acute chest pain after the second dose of the mRNA-1273 vaccine. Another patient was a 53-year-old white woman who presented with acute left arm pain 3 days after the first dose of the mRNA-1273 vaccine. She was later found to have acute decompensated heart failure, and endomyocardial biopsy revealed eosinophilic injury–mediated myocarditis.
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Project description:BackgroundClinical trials of the BNT162b2 vaccine, revealed efficacy and safety. We report six cases of myocarditis, which occurred shortly after BNT162b2 vaccination.MethodsPatients were identified upon presentation to the emergency department with symptoms of chest pain/discomfort. In all study patients, we excluded past and current COVID-19. Routine clinical and laboratory investigations for common etiologies of myocarditis were performed. Laboratory tests also included troponin and C-reactive protein levels. The diagnosis of myocarditis was established after cardiac MRI.FindingsFive patients presented after the second and one after the first dose of the vaccine. All patients were males with a median age of 23 years. Myocarditis was diagnosed in all patients, there was no evidence of COVID-19 infection. Laboratory assays excluded concomitant infection; autoimmune disorder was considered unlikely. All patients responded to the BNT162b2 vaccine. The clinical course was mild in all six patients.InterpretationOur report of myocarditis after BNT162b2 vaccination may be possibly considered as an adverse reaction following immunization. We believe our information should be interpreted with caution and further surveillance is warranted.
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Project description:The coronavirus disease 2019 (Covid-19) pandemic has had devastating effects on public health worldwide, but the deployment of vaccines for Covid-19 protection has helped control the spread of SARS Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection where they are available. The common side effects reported following Covid-19 vaccination were mostly self-restricted local reactions that resolved quickly. Nevertheless, rare vaccine-induced immune thrombotic thrombocytopenia (VITT) cases have been reported in some people being vaccinated against Covid-19. This review summarizes the thromboembolic events after Covid-19 vaccination and discusses its molecular mechanism, incidence rate, clinical manifestations and differential diagnosis. Then, a step-by-step algorithm for diagnosing such events, along with a management plan, are presented. In conclusion, considering the likeliness of acquiring severe SARS-CoV-2 infection and its subsequent morbidity and mortality, the benefits of vaccination outweigh its risks. Hence, if not already initiated, all governments should begin an effective and fast public vaccination plan to overcome this pandemic.
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