Rapid structure-based identification of potential SARS-CoV-2 main protease inhibitors.
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ABSTRACT:
SUBMITTER: Sobhia ME
PROVIDER: S-EPMC8240652 | biostudies-literature |
REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature
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Project description:To address coronavirus disease (COVID-19), currently, no effective drug or vaccine is available. In this regard, molecular modeling approaches are highly useful to discover potential inhibitors of the main protease (Mpro) enzyme of SARS-CoV-2. Since, the Mpro enzyme plays key roles in mediating viral replication and transcription; therefore, it is considered as an attractive drug target to control SARS-CoV-2 infection. By using structure-based drug design, pharmacophore modeling, and virtual high throughput drug screening combined with docking and all-atom molecular dynamics simulation approach, we have identified five potential inhibitors of SARS-CoV-2 Mpro. MD simulation studies revealed that compound 54035018 binds to the Mpro with high affinity (ΔG bind -37.40 kcal/mol), and the complex is more stable in comparison with other protein-ligand complexes. We have identified promising leads to fight COVID-19 infection as these compounds fulfill all drug-likeness properties. However, experimental and clinical validations are required for COVID-19 therapy. Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
| S-EPMC7682383 | biostudies-literature
Project description:The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has prompted an urgent need for new treatment strategies. No target-specific drugs are currently available for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), but new drug candidates targeting the viral replication cycle are being explored. A prime target of drug-discovery efforts is the SARS-CoV-2 main protease (Mpro). The main proteases of different coronaviruses, including SARS-CoV-2, SARS-CoV and Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV), share a structurally conserved substrate-binding region that can be exploited to design new protease inhibitors. With the recent reporting of the X-ray crystal structure of the SARS-CoV-2 Mpro, studies to discover Mpro inhibitors using both virtual and in vitro screening are progressing rapidly. This review focusses on the recent developments in the search for small-molecule inhibitors targeting the SARS-CoV-2 Mpro.
| S-EPMC7724992 | biostudies-literature
Project description:The recently emerged 2019 Novel Coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) and associated COVID-19 disease cause serious or even fatal respiratory tract infection and yet no approved therapeutics or effective treatment is currently available to effectively combat the outbreak. This urgent situation is pressing the world to respond with the development of novel vaccine or a small molecule therapeutics for SARS-CoV-2. Along these efforts, the structure of SARS-CoV-2 main protease (Mpro) has been rapidly resolved and made publicly available to facilitate global efforts to develop novel drug candidates. Recently, our group has developed a novel deep learning platform - Deep Docking (DD) which provides fast prediction of docking scores of Glide (or any other docking program) and, hence, enables structure-based virtual screening of billions of purchasable molecules in a short time. In the current study we applied DD to all 1.3 billion compounds from ZINC15 library to identify top 1,000 potential ligands for SARS-CoV-2 Mpro protein. The compounds are made publicly available for further characterization and development by scientific community.
| S-EPMC7228259 | biostudies-literature
Project description:COVID-19 pandemic has created a healthcare crisis across the world and has put human life under life-threatening circumstances. The recent discovery of the crystallized structure of the main protease (Mpro) from SARS-CoV-2 has provided an opportunity for utilizing computational tools as an effective method for drug discovery. Targeting viral replication has remained an effective strategy for drug development. Mpro of SARS-COV-2 is the key protein in viral replication as it is involved in the processing of polyproteins to various structural and nonstructural proteins. Thus, Mpro represents a key target for the inhibition of viral replication specifically for SARS-CoV-2. We have used a virtual screening strategy by targeting Mpro against a library of commercially available compounds to identify potential inhibitors. After initial identification of hits by molecular docking-based virtual screening further MM/GBSA, predictive ADME analysis, and molecular dynamics simulation were performed. The virtual screening resulted in the identification of twenty-five top scoring structurally diverse hits that have free energy of binding (ΔG) values in the range of -26-06 (for compound AO-854/10413043) to -59.81 Kcal/mol (for compound 329/06315047). Moreover, the top-scoring hits have favorable AMDE properties as calculated using in silico algorithms. Additionally, the molecular dynamics simulation revealed the stable nature of protein-ligand interaction and provided information about the amino acid residues involved in binding. Overall, this study led to the identification of potential SARS-CoV-2 Mpro hit compounds with favorable pharmacokinetic properties. We believe that the outcome of this study can help to develop novel Mpro inhibitors to tackle this pandemic.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
| S-EPMC7754935 | biostudies-literature
Project description:The novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) has infected several million people and caused thousands of deaths worldwide since December 2019. As the disease is spreading rapidly all over the world, it is urgent to find effective drugs to treat the virus. The main protease (Mpro) of SARS-CoV-2 is one of the potential drug targets. Therefore, in this context, we used rigorous computational methods, including molecular docking, fast pulling of ligand (FPL), and free energy perturbation (FEP), to investigate potential inhibitors of SARS-CoV-2 Mpro. We first tested our approach with three reported inhibitors of SARS-CoV-2 Mpro, and our computational results are in good agreement with the respective experimental data. Subsequently, we applied our approach on a database of ∼4600 natural compounds, as well as 8 available HIV-1 protease (PR) inhibitors and an aza-peptide epoxide. Molecular docking resulted in a short list of 35 natural compounds, which was subsequently refined using the FPL scheme. FPL simulations resulted in five potential inhibitors, including three natural compounds and two available HIV-1 PR inhibitors. Finally, FEP, the most accurate and precise method, was used to determine the absolute binding free energy of these five compounds. FEP results indicate that two natural compounds, cannabisin A and isoacteoside, and an HIV-1 PR inhibitor, darunavir, exhibit a large binding free energy to SARS-CoV-2 Mpro, which is larger than that of 13b, the most reliable SARS-CoV-2 Mpro inhibitor recently reported. The binding free energy largely arises from van der Waals interaction. We also found that Glu166 forms H-bonds to all of the inhibitors. Replacing Glu166 by an alanine residue leads to ∼2.0 kcal/mol decreases in the affinity of darunavir to SARS-CoV-2 Mpro. Our results could contribute to the development of potential drugs inhibiting SARS-CoV-2.
| S-EPMC7323056 | biostudies-literature
Project description:The Coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19) pandemic is still devastating the world causing significant social, economic, and political chaos. Corresponding to the absence of globally approved antiviral drugs for treatment and vaccines for controlling the pandemic, the number of cases and/or mortalities are still rising. Current patient management relies on supportive treatment and the use of repurposed drugs as an indispensable option. Of a crucial role in the viral life cycle, ongoing studies are looking for potential inhibitors to the main protease (Mpro) of severe acute respiratory syndrome Coronavirus -2 (SARS-CoV-2) to tackle the pandemic. Although promising results have been achieved in searching for drugs inhibiting the Mpro, work remains to be done on designing structure-based improved drugs. This review discusses the structural basis of potential inhibitors targeting SARS-CoV-2 Mpro, identifies gaps, and provides future directions. Further, compounds with potential Mpro based antiviral activity are highlighted.
| S-EPMC8056153 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is highly pathogenic to humans and has created an unprecedented global health care threat. Globally, intense efforts are going on to discover a vaccine or new drug molecules to control the COVID-19. However, till today, there is no effective therapeutics or treatment available for COVID-19. In this study, we aim to find out potential small molecule inhibitors for SARS-CoV-2 main protease (Mpro) from the known DrugBank database version 5.1.8. We applied structure-based virtual screening of the database containing 11875 numbers of drug candidates to identify potential hits for SARS-CoV-2 Mpro inhibitors. Seven potential inhibitors having admirable XP glide score ranging from -15.071 to -8.704 kcal/mol and good binding affinity with the active sites amino acids of Mpro were identified. The selected hits were further analyzed with 50 ns molecular dynamics (MD) simulation to examine the stability of protein-ligand complexes. The root mean square deviation and potential energy plot indicates the stability of the complexes during the 50 ns MD simulation. The MM-GBSA analysis also showed good binding energy of the selected hits (-83.2718 to -58.6618 kcal/mol). Further analysis revealed critical hydrogen bonds and hydrophobic interactions between compounds and the target protein. The compounds bind to biologically important regions of Mpro, indicating their potential to inhibit the functionality of this component.
| S-EPMC8441713 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Despite several major achievements in the development of vaccines and antivirals, the fight against SARS-CoV-2 and the health problems accompanying COVID-19 are still ongoing. SARS-CoV-2 main protease (Mpro), an essential viral cysteine protease, is a crucial target for the development of antiviral agents. A virtual screening analysis of in-house cysteine protease inhibitors against SARS-CoV-2 Mpro allowed us to identify two hits (i.e., 1 and 2) bearing a methyl vinyl ketone warhead. Starting from these compounds, we herein report the development of Michael acceptors targeting SARS-CoV-2 Mpro, which differ from each other for the warhead and for the amino acids at the P2 site. The most promising vinyl methyl ketone-containing analogs showed sub-micromolar activity against the viral protease. SPR38, SPR39, and SPR41 were fully characterized, and additional inhibitory properties towards hCatL, which plays a key role in the virus entry into host cells, were observed. SPR39 and SPR41 exhibited single-digit micromolar EC50 values in a SARS-CoV-2 infection model in cell culture.
| S-EPMC9751013 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Objective Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the causative agent for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), is responsible for the recent global pandemic. As there are no effective drugs or vaccines available for SARS-CoV-2, we investigated the potential of flavonoids against SARS-CoV-2 main protease 6YNQ. Methods In silico molecular simulation study against SARS-CoV-2 main protease 6YNQ. Results Among the 21 selected flavonoids, rutin demonstrated the highest binding energy (? 8.7 kcal/mol) and displayed perfect binding with the catalytic sites. Conclusions Our study demonstrates the inhibitory potential of flavonoids against SARS-CoV-2 main protease 6YNQ. These computational simulation studies support the hypothesis that flavonoids might be helpful for the treatment of COVID-19.
| S-EPMC7834211 | biostudies-literature
Project description:The recent outbreak of the respiratory pandemic known as novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 disease “COVID-19” was first identified in Wuhan, China and quickly spread to other countries. The 3CL protease (3CLpro) enzyme is the main protease of the SARS-CoV-2, which is responsible for coronavirus replication and therefore, the 3CLpro is considered a drug discovery target. The study reports that the molecular docking approach of 30 compounds had been identified from Allium roseum against two 3CL proteases (3CLpro) targets (PDB: 6LU7) (PDB: 6M2N) of SARS-CoV-2 using Autodock Vina. The docking results revealed that the top three compounds, Kaempferol-7-O-rutinoside, Kaempferol-3-O-glucuronoside and Apigenin-7-O-glucoside, displayed high affinity against the two 3CLproteas binding pockets. The free energy of binding (FEB) were − 12.10, − 11.80 and − 11.52 against 6LU7 and − 11.83, − 11.34 and − 11.01 kcal/mol against 6M2N for Autodock, while AutoDock Vina scores were − 11.6, − 11.2 and − 10.3 kcal/mol against 6LU7 and − 11.1, − 10.8 and − 10.5 kcal/mol against 6M2N. The results reveal that the three compounds fully interact with the essential amino acids in the binding pocket catalytic dyad Cys145 and His41 of the two 3CLpro. Consequently, they are expected to hinder SARS-CoV-2 3CLpro activity. In conclusion, our In-silico results suggest that the three identified compounds could serve as a potential lead that could inhibit the function of 3CLprotease (3CL pro) of Coronavirus. However, in-vitro and in-vivo experiments are necessary to certify and confirm the docking results reported here.
| S-EPMC8607792 | biostudies-literature