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Tolerance and safety evaluation of sodium sulfate: A subchronic study in laying hens.

ABSTRACT: Sodium sulfate (Na₂SO₄) is a readily available chlorine-free source of sodium, which could be used to reduce sodium chloride to maintain the ratio between chlorine and sodium in poultry diets. Dietary supplementation with excessive levels of Na₂SO₄ might be detrimental to bird's health and performance. A subchronic study was carried out to investigate the potential adverse effects of an accidental oversupply of Na₂SO₄ in the diets of laying hens. Four hundred and fifty 21-week-old Hy-Line White layers were randomly assigned to 5 treatments with 6 replicates. The birds were fed diets supplemented with 0 (control), 0.3%, 0.6%, 1.5%, and 3.0% Na₂SO₄ for 8 weeks. Laying performance, egg quality parameters, clinical blood parameters, histopathology, intestinal barrier functions, and intestinal microflora composition were measured. No clinical signs of intoxication or mortality were observed during the experimental period. The results of this study showed that the optimal levels of Na₂SO₄ (0.3% to 0.6%) significantly improved the laying rates, average daily egg mass, and eggshell quality of hens compared to the control (P < 0.05). However, 3.0% Na₂SO₄ produced negative effects on laying performance, eggshell quality, blood biochemistry, and particularly on liver and kidney pathology, and intestinal morphology and barrier functions compared with the controls. Although minor changes were observed in clinical blood parameters of hens receiving 1.5% Na₂SO₄, these were not considered to be of toxicological significance due to the absence of any organ pathological changes in hens. In conclusion, our results indicated that a Na₂SO₄ concentration of 1.5% was non-deleterious to laying hens after a daily administration for 56 d, namely that dietary supplementation of up to 5 times the maximum recommended dose is safely tolerated by laying hens.

SUBMITTER: Liu B

PROVIDER: S-EPMC8245793 | biostudies-literature |

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Project description:This study investigated changes in the electroencephalograph (EEG) power spectrum as well as physiological and behavioral responses to on-farm killing via mechanical cervical dislocation (MCD), manual cervical dislocation (CD) or intravenous pentobarbital sodium administration in lightly anesthetized laying hens, to evaluate the welfare impact of each method. A mixed group of 44 white Leghorn and Smoky Joe laying hens (60 weeks-old) were anesthetized with isoflurane in oxygen and maintained at 1.5-2% isoflurane/O2 until the killing method was applied. Birds were randomly assigned to one of three experimental groups on each trial day. The EEG was recorded bilaterally in a four-electrode montage. After recording a 5-min baseline, the killing method was applied and EEGs and other behavioral and physiological responses, including convulsions, gasping, cessation of body movements and feather erection were recorded for 5 min. Changes in EEG frequency bands (alpha, beta, delta, theta), median frequency (F50), 95% spectral edge frequency (F95), and total power (Ptot) were used to assess the quality of the on-farm killing event. Within 15 s after administration of pentobarbital sodium, there were significant decreases in mean frequency bands, increases in mean F50 and F95, and decreases in Ptot, suggesting brain death. In addition, birds presented a shorter latency to cessation of movement after pentobarbital sodium injection compared to MCD and CD (22 vs. 115 s and 136 s, respectively). There were significant increases in F95 and decreases in Ptot at 120 s after application of CD; and a concomitant decrease in the frequency bands at 135 s and isoelectric EEG at 171 ± 15 s. Changes consistent with brain death after MCD included isoelectric EEG at 207 ± 23 s and a significant decreases in some frequency bands at 300 s post-application. No other significant spectrum frequency changes were observed in the MCD group, suggesting brain death likely occurred near the 5-min endpoint. There was no clear association between behavioral, physiological, and EEG responses within CD and MCD treatments. The data demonstrate that pentobarbital sodium induced a rapid death with minimal behavioral and physiological responses regardless of strain of hens. In comparison, use of CD and MCD resulted in a slow onset of brain death in hens.

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Tolerance and safety evaluation of sodium sulfate: A subchronic study in laying hens.

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