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New Insight Into the Structure-Activity Relationship of Sweet-Tasting Proteins: Protein Sector and Its Role for Sweet Properties.

ABSTRACT: Sweet-tasting protein is a kind of biomacromolecule that has remarkable sweetening power and is regarded as the promising sugar replacer in the future. Some sweet-tasting proteins has been used in foods and beverages. However, the structure and function relationship of these proteins is still elusive, and guidelines for their protein engineering is limited. It is well-known that the sweet-tasting proteins bind to and activate the sweet taste receptor T1R2/T1R3, thus eliciting their sweetness. The "wedge-model" for describing the interaction between sweet-tasting proteins and sweet taste receptor to elucidate their sweetness has been reported. In this perspective article, we revealed that the intramolecular interaction forces in sweet-tasting proteins is directly correlated to their properties (sweetness and stability). This intramolecular interaction pattern, named as "protein sector," refers to a small subset of residues forming physically connections, which cooperatively affect the function of the proteins. Based on the analysis of previous experimental data, we suggest that "protein sector" of sweet-tasting proteins is pivotal for their sweet properties, which are meaningful guidelines for the future protein engineering.

SUBMITTER: Zhao X

PROVIDER: S-EPMC8249704 | biostudies-literature |

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Project description:PurposeThe aim of this study was to determine the expression of lipid metabolism-related proteins in rheumatic heart valve disease (RHVD).MethodsThis retrospective study involved a total of 20 cases of moderate or severe rheumatic mitral valve stenosis and 4 cases of mitral regurgitation due to secondary causes from September 2018 to September 2021. The patients enrolled included 12 males and 12 females who underwent surgical excision of the mitral valve at the cardiac surgery department of Hainan General Hospital. The samples of mitral valve were collected during surgery treatment as the study group, and mitral valves collected from patients with ischemic heart disease were allocated into the control group. Hematoxylin-eosin (HE), oil red staining and immunohistochemical (IHC) staining were conducted to compare the expression of lipid metabolism-related proteins (ATP-binding cassette transporter A1 and acyl-coenzyme A: cholesterol acyltransferase-1), and real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) was applied to compare the mRNA levels of ABCA1, ACAT1, and the inflammatory cytokines TNF-α, IL-10, and MCP-1.ResultsIn general, the rheumatic mitral valve showed leaflet thickening along with border adhesions and visible yellow fats. Oil red O staining also revealed the abovementioned results as well as fat cells. Both ABCA1 and ACAT1 were expressed in the rheumatic mitral valve via IHC, whereas only ACAT1 showed a faint level of expression in the ischemic mitral valve with no expression of ABCA1. In addition, compared with the ischemic mitral valve, RT-PCT showed increased mRNA expression levels of ABCA1, ACAT1, and the inflammatory cytokines TNF-α, IL-10, and MCP-1 (P < 0.05). After dividing the RMs into two groups for RT-PCR, we found that the higher the expression of ABCA1 and ACAT1 was, the lower the relative expression of inflammatory factors.ConclusionThis study showed that adipose tissue, adipose cells, and lipid transport-related proteins were expressed strongly in the rheumatic mitral valve, suggesting that adipose tissue formation might be one of the important pathways in the pathology of rheumatic heart disease. In addition, adipose tissue and adipocytes were also involved in the inflammatory process. These data provide new insight into pathological mechanisms in rheumatic heart disease.

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New Insight Into the Structure-Activity Relationship of Sweet-Tasting Proteins: Protein Sector and Its Role for Sweet Properties.

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