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Nutrient Removal by Grain in Modern Soybean Varieties.

ABSTRACT: Knowing the nutrient removal by soybean grain harvest in different varieties, locations, and over time is essential to correctly adjust agronomic recommendations, update farmers' practices, and increase nutrient use efficiency. A field-based research trial was carried out to assess macronutrients [nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), and sulfur (S)] removed in grain by modern soybean varieties from southern Brazil introduced between 2007 and 2016. We examined changes between our set of modern varieties and a dataset of historical values encompassing a wide range of varieties introduced before 2007. Moreover, we undertook a synthesis analysis using scientific literature published after 2007 to investigate nutrient removal by grain among modern Brazilian soybeans and a dataset that included field trials from Argentina, United States, and India. There were no yield gains across the years for modern soybean varieties introduced among 2007 and 2016 in Brazil, although the grain N and Mg concentrations decreased. Modern Brazilian soybeans increased nutrient removal compared with that by soybeans historically planted in Brazil, with 11.1, 26.9, 45.0, and 31.6% more N, P, K, and Mg removed, respectively. Our results indicated that soybean growing in Brazil removed 4.3% less N relative to the values reported in the literature dataset, whereas K removal was 21.4% greater. A significant difference was also recorded for high-yield soybean varieties, and Brazilian varieties removed 11.8% less N and 8.6% more K than varieties in the literature dataset. No differences were found among locations for P removal, averaging 4.9 kg Mg^-1 grain. In conclusion, this study indicates that the amounts of nutrients removed by modern soybean varieties were greater relative to the historical values recorded in Brazil, excluding Ca and S. Nonetheless, in the middle to long term (10 years), a significant impact of plant breeding on grain nutrient concentration was recorded only for N and Mg. The difference in nutrient removal patterns between Brazil and other countries indicates an integrated effect of management, genotype, and environment on nutrient removal. These findings provide guidance for optimal nutrient management and specific information for plant breeding programs to understand nutrient variability.

SUBMITTER: Esper Neto M

PROVIDER: S-EPMC8256798 | biostudies-literature |

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Project description:BACKGROUND:Maize is the most produced crop in Sub-Saharan Africa, but yields are low and climate change is projected to further constrain smallholder production. The current efforts to breed and disseminate new high yielding and climate ready maize varieties are implemented through the formal seed system; the chain of public and private sector activities and institutions that produce and release certified seeds. These efforts are taking place in contexts currently dominated by informal seed systems; local and informal seed management and exchange channels with a long history of adapting crops to local conditions. We here present a case study of the genetic effects of both formal and informal seed management from the semi-arid zone in Tanzania. RESULTS:Two open pollinated varieties (OPVs), Staha and TMV1, first released by the formal seed system in the 1980s are cultivated on two-thirds of the maize fields among the surveyed households. Farmer-recycling of improved varieties and seed selection are common on-farm seed management practices. Drought tolerance and high yield are the most important characteristics reported as reason for cultivating the current varieties as well as the most important criteria for farmers' seed selection. Bayesian cluster analysis, PCA and FST analyses based on 131 SNPs clearly distinguish between the two OPVs, and despite considerable heterogeneity between and within seed lots, there is insignificant differentiation between breeder's seeds and commercial seeds in both OPVs. Genetic separation increases as the formal system varieties enter the informal system and both hybridization with unrelated varieties and directional selection probably play a role in the differentiation. Using a Bayesian association approach we identify three loci putatively under selection in the informal seed system. CONCLUSIONS:Our results suggest that the formal seed system in the study area distributes seed lots that are true to type. We suggest that hybridization and directional selection differentiate farmer recycled seed lots from the original varieties and potentially lead to beneficial creolization. Access to drought tolerant OPVs in combination with farmer seed selection is likely to enhance seed system security and farmers' adaptive capacity in the face of climate change.

Project description:The paraveinal mesophyll (PVM) of soybean leaves is a layer of laterally expanded cells sandwiched between the palisade and spongy mesophyll chlorenchyma. The vacuoles of PVM cells contain an abundance of a putative vegetative storage protein, VSP (α, β). VSP is is constitutively produced, but is up-regulated during sink limitation experiments involving flower, fruit, or vegetative bud removal. Soybean vegetative lipoxygenases (Vlx), consisting of 5 isozymes (Vlx, A-D), have been identified as potential storage proteins because they accumulate to high levels with experimental sink limitation and have been co-localized with VSP to the vacuoles of PVM cells. We re-investigated the sub-cellular locations of these enzymes with TEM immuno-cytochemistry. We employed laser micro-dissection to compared RNA expression of PVM cells with mesophyll chlorenchyma cells, and we performed a micro-array analysis of soybean leaf samples representing a time-course, sink-limitation, experiment. We found that none of the Vlx isozymes co-localize with putative storage proteins in PVM vacuoles, and that our sink limitation experiment (typical of those used in the past) induced a strong up-regulation of stress response genes, simultaneous with the up-regulation of the Vlx isozymes. Our findings do not support a storage function for soybean Vlx. The results reported here are from a study designed to evaluate systemic effects of a vegetative bud removal protocol that had been used previously to study accumulation and subsequent mobilization of vegetative storage proteins in soybean. During these experiments plants were grown for 30 days and then all vegetative buds were removed. Bud removal was repeated each day for 15 days (designated the "detip" phase) and then new buds were allowed to regrow (designated the "retip" phase). Samples were collected at 5 day intervals. Total RNA was extracted from selected samples for our microarray experiments. Three replicate time course experiments provided RNA samples for our microarray analysis. Samples were harvested from both bud removal ("detip/retip") plants and untreated controls of the same age that were maintained side-by-side under the same growth conditions. Bud removal plants were designated as "detip" plants during the bud removal phase and "retip" plants during the regrowth phase. Bud removal began at time-course day 30 and lasted for 15 days (designated D0 through D15). Shoot regrowth lasted an additional 15 days (designated R16 through R30). Controls were designate similarly with C0 corresponding to 30 day old plants at the the first day of bud removal and C30 corresponding to day 15 of the regrowth phase. Samples were collected at 5 day intervals. Messenger RNA was extracted from selected samples for our microarray experiments. These were from 30 day old plants ( C0, the last day of growth before detipping), 45 day old plants (C15, D15, at day 15 of bud removal), 50 day old plants (C20, R20, day 5 of shoot regeneration), and 60 old plants (C30, R30, day 15 of regrowth). RNA was extracted from leaf samples using a method developed for tissues containing abundant polysaccharides and polyphenols (Gehrig et al., 2000). In addition, the extracted RNA was further purified using the RNeasy kit (Qiagen, Valencia, CA). Each RNA sample examined (C0, C15, C20, C30, D15, R20, R30; each with a minimum of 3 replicates for a total of 22 samples) was converted to cRNA and hybridized to Affymetrix soybean GeneChips (GEO accession # GPL4592) according to the manufacturer’s instructions (Affymetrix, Inc., Santa Clara, CA).

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Nutrient Removal by Grain in Modern Soybean Varieties.

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