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Electric-field-assisted non-volatile magnetic switching in a magnetoelectronic hybrid structure.

ABSTRACT: Electric-field (E-field) control of magnetic switching provides an energy-efficient means to toggle the magnetic states in spintronic devices. The angular tunneling magnetoresistance (TMR) of an magnetic tunnel junction (MTJ)/PMN-PT magnetoelectronic hybrid indicates that the angle-dependent switching fields of the free layer can decrease significantly subject to the application of an E-field. In particular, the switching field along the major axis is reduced by 59% from 28.0 to 11.5 Oe as the E-field increases from 0 to 6 kV/cm, while the TMR ratio remains intact. The switching boundary angle decreases (increases) for the parallel (antiparallel) to antiparallel (parallel) state switch, resulting in a shrunk switching window size. The non-volatile and reversible 180° magnetization switching is demonstrated by using E-fields with a smaller magnetic field bias as low as 11.5 Oe. The angular magnetic switching originates from competition among the E-field-induced magnetoelastic anisotropy, magnetic shape anisotropy, and Zeeman energy, which is confirmed by micromagnetic simulations.

SUBMITTER: Yang Y

PROVIDER: S-EPMC8258860 | biostudies-literature |

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Project description:Although evidence has shown that very small electric currents produce a beneficial therapeutic result for wounds, non-invasive EMF therapy has consisted mostly of anecdotal clinical reports with very few well controlled laboratory mechanistic studies. In this study, we evaluated the effects and potential mechanisms of a non-invasive EMF device on skin wound repair. In vitro analyses with human skin keratinocyte cultures demonstrated that the non-invasive EMF has a very strong effect on accelerating keratinocyte migration and a relatively weaker effect on promoting keratinocyte proliferation. The positive effects of the non-invasive EMF on cell migration and proliferation seem keratinocyte specific without such effects seen on dermal fibroblasts. cDNA microarray and RT-PCR performed revealed increased expression of CRK7 and HOXC8 genes in treated keratinocytes. This study suggests that a non-invasive electric magnetic field accelerates wound reepithelialization through a mechanism of promoting keratinocyte migration and proliferation, possibly due to upregulation of CRK7 and HOXC8 genes. Experiment Overall Design: Non-invasive EMF: Experiment Overall Design: In this study, we used the Field Therapy Accelerator (FTA; Advatech, Miami, Florida) device to produce a magnetic field which in turn induces a non-invasive electric current in the targetâs surroundings. All human and animal studies have been approved by the authors' Institutional Review Board. The FTA device generates a continuous series of direct current (DC)-like pulses of voltage followed for a very short time interval by a negative voltage spike. The induced EMF comprises of a series of concentric circles centered on the axis of the coil. The EMF vectors are at each point perpendicular to the surface of the circle and in the plane of that circle, that plane being parallel to the face of the coil. Experiment Overall Design: In vitro Studies with Cell Cultures: Experiment Overall Design: Cells and Cell Cultures: Normal human keratinocytes were maintained in growth medium of EpiLife (Cascade Biologics, Portland, Oregon) with human keratinocyte growth supplement at concentration of 0.2% v/v of bovine pituitary extract, 5 ug/ml bovine insulin, 0.18 ug/ml hydrocortisone, 5 ug/ml bovine transferrin, 0.2 ng/ml human epidermal growth factor (Cascade Biologics, Portland, Oregon), plus antibiotics of 100 U/ml penicillin G and 100 ug/ml streptomycin at 37ÂºC and 5% CO2. Media were changed every 24 hours. Experiment Overall Design: cDNA Microarray and RT-PCR Analysis: Experiment Overall Design: Cell cultures and migration assay: Normal human epidermal keratinocytes were maintained in 35-mm cell culture dishes and in EpiLife at 37ÂºC and 5% CO2. Keratinocytes were maintained in growth media and grown to confluency. At time 0, a cross-shaped wound gap or cell-free zone was made among confluent monolayer cells in the center of the culture dish, and detached cells were washed off with PBS and then replaced with growth medium. Non-invasive EMF treatment: Group 1 was treated for 1 hour immediately after wounding, at a frequency of 2080 cycles/second, electric field strength of 20mV/cm, and duty cycle of 90%. Group 2 was the control group, and received no treatment but was placed in the same hood at temperatures of 31Â±2ÂºC for the same period of time as their treatment counterparts. Each group was performed in triplicates. Experiment Overall Design: cDNA Microarray: RNA was isolated from cells using an RNeasy Mini RNA Isolation Kit (Qiagen Sciences, Germantown, Maryland), and converted to double stranded cDNA using a cDNA RT Kit (Applied Biosystems, Foster City, California). An in vitro transcription reaction was subsequently performed to produce biotin-labeled complementary RNA (cRNA) from the cDNA. Gene expression profiles were assessed using the Affymetrix Human Genome HU133A 2.0 GeneChip array, containing 22,277 sequenced human genes. GeneChip arrays were scanned using a GeneArray Scanner (Hewlett-Packard, Santa Clara, Calif). Hybridization data were analyzed using MAS 5.

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Electric-field-assisted non-volatile magnetic switching in a magnetoelectronic hybrid structure.

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