Parental Occupation and Risk of Childhood Retinoblastoma in Denmark.
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ABSTRACT: Objective
Retinoblastoma is the most common primary intraocular tumor affecting children. We examine the role of parental occupational exposures and risk of retinoblastoma among offspring.Methods
Our population-based case-control study linked data from four nationwide Danish registries and included all cases of retinoblastoma diagnosed in Danish children (<5 y, n = 144) between 1975 and 2014. We focused on two biologically relevant time periods: 90 days preconception to conception for fathers; conception to birth for mothers. Parents were grouped into major industry headings created from Danish industry codes.Results
We observed increased risk of all retinoblastoma for children of fathers in the food and drink industry and iron and metal industry. Bilateral disease was associated with paternal work in manufacturing and land transportation.Conclusion
Our results suggest that some occupational exposures may increase the risk of childhood sporadic retinoblastoma.
SUBMITTER: Omidakhsh N
PROVIDER: S-EPMC8259454 | biostudies-literature |
REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature
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Project description:PurposeTo examine associations between parental occupation and childhood germ cell tumors (GCTs) in offspring while distinguishing by common histologic subtype (i.e., yolk sac tumor and teratoma).MethodsThis population-based case-control study included childhood GCT cases in Denmark diagnosed 1968-2015 (< 16 years old at diagnosis) and sex and birth year-matched controls. Demographic information and parental employment histories were obtained from Danish registries. Parental occupation was assessed by industry; job-exposure matrices were used to examine specific occupational exposures (i.e., potentially carcinogenic organic solvents and social contact). Conditional multivariable logistic regression models were used to estimate odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs).ResultsOverall, 178 childhood GCT cases (50 yolk sac tumors; 65 teratomas) and 4,355 controls were included for analysis. Maternal employment in education during pregnancy was associated with offspring GCTs (OR 2.45, 95% CI 1.23-4.90), especially yolk sac tumors (OR 5.27, 95% CI 1.94-14.28). High levels of both maternal and paternal occupational social contact were also associated with offspring yolk sac tumors across all exposure periods (ORs 2.30-4.63). No signals were observed for paternal occupational solvent exposure, while imprecise associations were estimated for maternal exposure (e.g., dichloromethane exposure during pregnancy, OR 1.51, 95% CI 0.77-2.95).ConclusionOur findings suggest that parental occupation is associated with offspring GCTs, with most consistent evidence supporting an association between maternal employment in education or other high social contact jobs and offspring yolk sac tumors.
| S-EPMC8236473 | biostudies-literature
Project description:BackgroundParental occupational exposures are suggested as contributing causes of childhood cancer.MethodsChildren age< = 19, born in Denmark and diagnosed with leukemia, central nervous system (CNS) cancers and likely prenatally initiated cancers [hepatoblastoma, medulloblastoma, Wilms tumor (nephroblastoma), neuroblastoma, retinoblastoma and acute lymphoid leukemia] n = 4268 were identified using Danish registries. We randomly selected twenty-five controls per case matched on birth year and sex. Parents and their employment histories were extracted from nationwide registries. We examined occupational dust exposures perinatally and postnatally in both parents. Odds ratios (ORs) and 95 % confidence intervals (95 % CI) were estimated using conditional logistic regression.ResultsMaternal wood dust exposure from birth to diagnosis was associated with increased risks of leukemia (OR 1.44, 95 % CI 1.08-1.94) and acute myeloid leukemia (OR 2.14, 95 % CI 1.13-4.03); exposure to paper dust was associated with CNS cancer (OR 2.28, 95 % CI 1.22-4.2).. Paternal exposure to wood dust was associated with astrocytoma in both periods (OR 1.43, 95 % CI 1.05-1.96 and 1.42, 1.09-1.86, respectively) and CNS cancer (OR 1.24, 95 % CI 1.00-1.53) in the perinatal period. The increased risk observed for potentially prenatally-initiated cancers in relation to wood was driven by ORs for neuroblastoma (1.54, 95 % CI 1.03-2.29) and hepatoblastoma (2.41, 95 % CI 0.99-5.88). An OR of 2.58 (95 % CI 1.10-6.05) for CNS cancer was associated with both parents working in textile industries postnatally.ConclusionThe study suggests that parental exposure to wood dust may increase risk of specific childhood cancers.
| S-EPMC7737883 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Few risk factors for childhood cancer are well-established. We investigated whether advancing parental age increases childhood cancer risk.We assessed the relationship between parental age and childhood cancer in a case-control study using pooled population-based data. Our pooling was based on linked cancer and birth registry records from New York, Washington, Minnesota, Texas, and California. Subjects included 17,672 cancer cases diagnosed at ages 0-14 years during 1980-2004 and 57,966 controls born during 1970-2004. Individuals with Down syndrome were excluded. Odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals were calculated by logistic regression for the association between parental age and childhood cancer after adjustment for sex, birth weight, gestational age, birth order, plurality, maternal race, birth year, and state.Positive linear trends per 5-year maternal age increase were observed for childhood cancers overall (odds ratio = 1.08 [95% confidence interval = 1.06-1.10]) and 7 of the 10 most frequent diagnostic groups: leukemia (1.08 [1.05-1.11]), lymphoma (1.06 [1.01-1.12]), central nervous system tumors (1.07 [1.03-1.10]), neuroblastoma (1.09 [1.04-1.15]), Wilms' tumor (1.16 [1.09-1.22]), bone tumors (1.10 [1.00-1.20]), and soft tissue sarcomas (1.10 [1.04-1.17]). No maternal age effect was noted for retinoblastoma, germ cell tumors, or hepatoblastoma. Paternal age was not independently associated with most childhood cancers after adjustment for maternal age.Our results suggest that older maternal age increases risk for most common childhood cancers. Investigation into possible mechanisms for this association is warranted.
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Project description:OBJECTIVES: Common genetic and environmental risk factors may explain the concurrent increase in the incidence of both inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and asthma. We examined whether IBD in a parent is associated with an increased asthma risk in offspring. METHODS: This was a registry-based cohort study of all children born alive in Denmark in 1979-2009, followed through 2010. IBD and asthma were identified using hospital diagnoses; antiasthma medication was also used to identify asthma. We computed risk of asthma and estimated adjusted incidence rate ratios (aIRRs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) using Cox proportional-hazards regression. We evaluated asthma risk according to maternal and paternal IBD, Crohn's disease (CD), and ulcerative colitis (UC). Children without parental IBD were the comparison cohort for all comparisons. RESULTS: We identified 1,845,281 children, of whom 14,952 (0.8%) had a parent with IBD. The 10-year risk of asthma was 6.9% among offspring of parents with CD, 5.6% among offspring of parents with UC, and 5.0% among offspring of parents without IBD. The aIRR for asthma associated with parental IBD was 0.98 (95% CI: 0.91-1.04). The aIRR was 1.09 (95% CI: 0.98-1.22) for parental CD and 0.92 (95% CI: 0.84-1.00) for parental UC. Results were similar regardless of parent of origin or inclusion of antiasthma medication to define asthma. CONCLUSIONS: Our data do not provide evidence for an increased risk of asthma in offspring with a parental history of IBD.
| S-EPMC3759218 | biostudies-other
Project description:BACKGROUND:A few prospective studies suggest an association between maternal smoking during pregnancy and lower risk of type 1 diabetes. However, the role of unmeasured confounding and misclassification remains unclear. METHODS:We comprehensively evaluated whether maternal smoking in pregnancy predicts lower risk of childhood-onset type 1 diabetes in two Scandinavian pregnancy cohorts (185,076 children; 689 cases) and a Norwegian register-based cohort (434,627 children; 692 cases). We measured cord blood cotinine as an objective marker of nicotine exposure during late pregnancy in 154 cases and 476 controls. We also examined paternal smoking during pregnancy, in addition to environmental tobacco smoke exposure the first 6 months of life, to clarify the role of characteristics of smokers in general. RESULTS:In the pregnancy cohorts, maternal smoking beyond gestational week 12 was inversely associated with type 1 diabetes, pooled adjusted hazard ratio (aHR) 0.66 (95% CI = 0.51, 0.85). Similarly, in the Norwegian register-based cohort, children of mothers who still smoked at the end of pregnancy had lower risk of type 1 diabetes, aHR 0.65 (95% CI = 0.47, 0.89). Cord blood cotinine ?30 nmol/L was also associated with reduced risk of type 1 diabetes, adjusted odds ratio 0.42 (95% CI = 0.17, 1.0). We observed no associations of paternal smoking during pregnancy, or environmental tobacco smoke exposure, with childhood-onset type 1 diabetes. CONCLUSION:Maternal sustained smoking during pregnancy is associated with lower risk of type 1 diabetes in children. This sheds new light on the potential intrauterine environmental origins of the disease.
| S-EPMC6169737 | biostudies-literature
Project description:AimsTo assess the association between different stages of maternal depression and injury risk in offspring aged 0-10 years.MethodsPopulation-based cohort study of all live-born children in Denmark from 1 January 1997 until 31 December 2013 (n = 1,064,387). Main outcome measure was emergency department contacts with a main diagnosis of injury coded as DS00-DT98 (chapter XIX) according to the ICD-10. All information was obtained from Danish national registries.ResultsMaternal depression was associated with higher injury hazard in the offspring throughout childhood compared to offspring of mothers with no history of depression. The strongest association was seen for the first year of life. First-time maternal depression was most strongly associated with injury in the child, especially in the first year of life (aHR = 1.70, 95% CI: 1.48-1.96). Children of mothers with relapse depression had 1.57 higher hazard of injury in the first year of life (aHR: 1.57, 95% CI: 1.44-1.70). Children of mothers with previously treated depression (postdepression) had 1.13 higher hazard of injury in the first year of life (aHR: 1.13, 95% CI: 1.09-1.17). Continuous treatment for depression was associated with a nonsignificant higher hazard of injuries in the first year of life (aHR: 1.06, 95% CI: 0.91-1.23).ConclusionsMaternal depression was associated with higher injury risk in the offspring, particularly in early childhood. The association persisted in children of mothers with relapse depression. Our results suggest that children of mothers with depression are vulnerable several years after depression onset and treatment cessation.
| S-EPMC7994683 | biostudies-literature
Project description:In the last decade, a number of studies in the behavioral sciences, particularly in psychology and economics, have explored the complexity of individual risk behavior and its underlying factors. Most previous studies have examined the influences of various socio-economic, cognitive, biological and psychological factors on human decision-making, however, the relationship between the decision-makers' risk preferences and occupational background has not received much empirical attention. Accordingly, in the current study, we investigated how occupational background, together with decision-making framing (e.g., variations in decision domain, context, presentation of risk, and utility ratios), influence participants' risk preferences for decision options with equivalent expected utility. Our novel findings indicate that risk preferences may vary among individuals from different occupational backgrounds. As such, when the task was framed in gain terms, participants who mostly deal with health/safety-related risks on a day-to-day basis (high-risk occupations) were predominantly risk-averse (avoiding risky options), while participants who mostly deal with financial/social risks (white-collar occupations) were prone to risk-seeking behavior (avoiding certain options). Specifically, in "high-risk" occupations, participants' pattern of choices changed from risk-averse in gain scenarios to risk-seeking in loss scenarios. However, the opposite pattern of risk preferences was found in participants with "white-collar" occupations. Our findings indicate that decision-makers' occupational backgrounds influence risk preferences under some circumstances.
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Project description:ObjectivesLimited evidence is available regarding the impact of paternal occupation and its combined effect with maternal occupation on preterm birth. Therefore, we assessed the association of maternal and paternal occupations with preterm birth.MethodsWe used the national birth data of Korea between 2010 and 2020. Parental occupations were divided into 5 categories: (1) managers; (2) professionals, technicians, and related workers; (3) clerks and support workers; (4) service and sales workers; and (5) manual workers. A multinomial logistic regression model was used to calculate the adjusted odds ratios (aORs) of extremely, very, and moderate-to-late preterm births per occupational category considering individual risk factors.ResultsFor the 4,004,976 singleton births, 40.2% of mothers and 95.5% of fathers were employed. Compared to non-employment, employment was associated with a lower risk of preterm birth. Among employed mothers, service and sales occupations were associated with a higher risk of preterm birth than managerial occupations (aOR, 1.06; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.01 to 1.10 for moderate-to-late preterm births). The father's manual occupation was associated with a higher risk of preterm birth (aOR, 1.09; 95% CI, 1.05 to 1.13 for moderate-to-late preterm) than managerial occupations. When both parents had high-risk occupations, the risk of preterm birth was higher than in cases where only the mother or neither of the parents had a high-risk occupation.ConclusionsPaternal occupation was associated with preterm birth regardless of maternal employment and occupation and modified the effect of maternal occupation. Detailed occupational environment data are needed to identify the paternal exposures that increase the risk.
| S-EPMC10728619 | biostudies-literature
Project description:BackgroundThough the association between parental age at child's birth and the risk of childhood cancer has been previously investigated, the evidence to date is inconclusive and scarce for rarer cancer types.MethodsCancer cases (N=5,856) were selected from all children born from 1968 to 2014 and diagnosed from 1968 to 2015 in Denmark at less than 16 years of age listed in the nationwide Danish Cancer Registry. Cases were individually matched to controls (1:100) on sex and year of birth with a total of 585,594 controls randomly sampled from all live births in Denmark from the Danish Central Population Registry. Parental age at child's birth was extracted from the Central Population Registry. Conditional logistic regression models were used to estimate odds ratios for the association between parental age at child's birth and childhood cancer risk. Parental age was modeled as both categorical (referent group, parents aged 25-29) and continuous per 5-year increase in age.ResultsOffspring of older mothers were at an increased risk of acute lymphoblastic leukemia [OR=1.10, 95% CI: (1.02, 1.19) per 5-year increase in age]. Older maternal age (40+) increased the risk of non-Hodgkin lymphoma [OR=1.96, 95%CI: (1.12, 3.43)]. The risk of Wilms' tumor also appeared elevated with older paternal age [OR=1.11, 95% CI: (0.97, 1.28) per 5-year increment in age].ConclusionOlder parental age was a risk factor for various childhood cancers in Danish children. Further investigation of the biological and social factors that may be contributing to these associations is warranted.
| S-EPMC5586505 | biostudies-literature
Project description:BackgroundRetinoblastoma is a rare tumor of the retina, most commonly found in young children. Due to the rarity of this childhood cancer, few studies have been able to examine prenatal pesticide exposure as a risk factor.ObjectiveTo examine the relationship between childhood retinoblastoma and prenatal exposure to pesticides through residential proximity to agricultural pesticide applications.MethodsWe conducted a population-based case-control study using cases aged 5 and younger identified from the California Cancer Registry, and controls randomly selected from California birth certificates. Frequency matching cases to controls by age resulted in 221 cases of unilateral retinoblastoma and 114 cases of bilateral retinoblastoma, totaling 335 cases and 123,166 controls. Based on addresses from birth certificates we employed Pesticide Use Reports and land use information within a geographic information system approach to individually assess exposures to specific pesticides within 4000 m of the residence reported on birth certificates. The associations between retinoblastoma (all types combined and stratified by laterality) and individual pesticides were expressed as odds ratios estimates obtained from unconditional logistic regression models including a single pesticide, and from a hierarchical logistic regression model including all pesticides.ResultsWe found that exposures to acephate (OR: 1.70, 95% CI: 1.20, 2.41) and bromacil (OR: 1.87, 95% CI: 1.07, 3.26) were associated with increased risk for unilateral retinoblastoma. In addition to acephate, we found that pymetrozine (OR: 1.45, 95% CI: 1.00, 2.08) and kresoxim-methyl (OR: 1.60, 95% CI: 1.00, 2.56) were associated with retinoblastoma (all types combined).ConclusionOur findings suggest that certain types of prenatal ambient pesticide exposure from residing near agricultural fields may play a role in the development of childhood retinoblastoma.
| S-EPMC9901366 | biostudies-literature