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PE-Designer and PE-Analyzer: web-based design and analysis tools for CRISPR prime editing.

ABSTRACT: Prime editing technology is capable of generating targeted insertions, deletions, and base conversions. However, the process of designing prime editing guide RNAs (pegRNAs), which contain a primer binding site and a reverse-transcription template at the 3' end, is more complex than that for the single guide RNAs used with CRISPR nucleases or base editors. Furthermore, the assessment of high-throughput sequencing data after prime editors (PEs) have been employed should consider the unique feature of PEs; thus, pre-existing assessment tools cannot directly be adopted for PEs. Here, we present two user-friendly web-based tools for PEs, named PE-Designer and PE-Analyzer. PE-Designer, a dedicated tool for pegRNA selection, provides all possible target sequences, pegRNA extension sequences, and nicking guide RNA sequences together with useful information, and displays the results in an interactive image. PE-Analyzer, a dedicated tool for PE outcome analysis, accepts high-throughput sequencing data, summarizes mutation-related information in a table, and provides interactive graphs. PE-Analyzer was mainly written using JavaScript so that it can analyze several data sets without requiring that huge sequencing data (>100MB) be uploaded to the server, reducing analysis time and increasing personal security. PE-Designer and PE-Analyzer are freely available at http://www.rgenome.net/pe-designer/ and http://www.rgenome.net/pe-analyzer/ without a login process.

SUBMITTER: Hwang GH

PROVIDER: S-EPMC8265102 | biostudies-literature |

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Web-based design and analysis tools for CRISPR base editing.

Project description:BackgroundAs a result of its simplicity and high efficiency, the CRISPR-Cas system has been widely used as a genome editing tool. Recently, CRISPR base editors, which consist of deactivated Cas9 (dCas9) or Cas9 nickase (nCas9) linked with a cytidine or a guanine deaminase, have been developed. Base editing tools will be very useful for gene correction because they can produce highly specific DNA substitutions without the introduction of any donor DNA, but dedicated web-based tools to facilitate the use of such tools have not yet been developed.ResultsWe present two web tools for base editors, named BE-Designer and BE-Analyzer. BE-Designer provides all possible base editor target sequences in a given input DNA sequence with useful information including potential off-target sites. BE-Analyzer, a tool for assessing base editing outcomes from next generation sequencing (NGS) data, provides information about mutations in a table and interactive graphs. Furthermore, because the tool runs client-side, large amounts of targeted deep sequencing data (<?1?GB) do not need to be uploaded to a server, substantially reducing running time and increasing data security. BE-Designer and BE-Analyzer can be freely accessed at http://www.rgenome.net/be-designer/ and http://www.rgenome.net/be-analyzer /, respectively.ConclusionWe develop two useful web tools to design target sequence (BE-Designer) and to analyze NGS data from experimental results (BE-Analyzer) for CRISPR base editors.

| S-EPMC6307267 | biostudies-literature

Bi-PE: bi-directional priming improves CRISPR/Cas9 prime editing in mammalian cells.

Project description:Prime editors consisting of Cas9-nickase and reverse transcriptase enable targeted precise editing of small DNA pieces, including all 12 kinds of base substitutions, insertions and deletions, while without requiring double-strand breaks or donor templates. Current optimized prime editing strategy (PE3) uses two guide RNAs to guide the performance of prime editor. One guide RNA carrying both spacer and templating sequences (pegRNA) guides prime editor to produce ssDNA break and subsequent extension, and the other one produces a nick in the complementary strand. Here, we demonstrated that positioning the nick sgRNA nearby the templating sequences of the pegRNA facilitated targeted large fragment deletion and that engineering both guide RNAs to be pegRNAs to achieve bi-direction prime editing (Bi-PE) further increase the efficiency by up to 16 times and improved the accuracy of editing products by 60 times. In addition, we showed that Bi-PE strategy also increased the efficiency of simultaneous conversion of multiple bases but not single base conversion over PE3. In conclusion, Bi-PE strategy expanded the editing scope and improved the efficiency and the accuracy of prime editing system, which might have a wide range of potential applications.

| S-EPMC9226529 | biostudies-literature

CRISPR-Cas9 DNA Base-Editing and Prime-Editing.

Project description:Many genetic diseases and undesirable traits are due to base-pair alterations in genomic DNA. Base-editing, the newest evolution of clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)-Cas-based technologies, can directly install point-mutations in cellular DNA without inducing a double-strand DNA break (DSB). Two classes of DNA base-editors have been described thus far, cytosine base-editors (CBEs) and adenine base-editors (ABEs). Recently, prime-editing (PE) has further expanded the CRISPR-base-edit toolkit to all twelve possible transition and transversion mutations, as well as small insertion or deletion mutations. Safe and efficient delivery of editing systems to target cells is one of the most paramount and challenging components for the therapeutic success of BEs. Due to its broad tropism, well-studied serotypes, and reduced immunogenicity, adeno-associated vector (AAV) has emerged as the leading platform for viral delivery of genome editing agents, including DNA-base-editors. In this review, we describe the development of various base-editors, assess their technical advantages and limitations, and discuss their therapeutic potential to treat debilitating human diseases.

| S-EPMC7503568 | biostudies-literature

PnB Designer: a web application to design prime and base editor guide RNAs for animals and plants.

Project description:BackgroundThe rapid expansion of the CRISPR toolbox through tagging effector domains to either enzymatically inactive Cas9 (dCas9) or Cas9 nickase (nCas9) has led to several promising new gene editing strategies. Recent additions include CRISPR cytosine or adenine base editors (CBEs and ABEs) and the CRISPR prime editors (PEs), in which a deaminase or reverse transcriptase are fused to nCas9, respectively. These tools hold great promise to model and correct disease-causing mutations in animal and plant models. But so far, no widely-available tools exist to automate the design of both BE and PE reagents.ResultsWe developed PnB Designer, a web-based application for the design of pegRNAs for PEs and guide RNAs for BEs. PnB Designer makes it easy to design targeting guide RNAs for single or multiple targets on a variant or reference genome from organisms spanning multiple kingdoms. With PnB Designer, we designed pegRNAs to model all known disease causing mutations available in ClinVar. Additionally, PnB Designer can be used to design guide RNAs to install or revert a SNV, scanning the genome with one CBE and seven different ABE PAM variants and returning the best BE to use. PnB Designer is publicly accessible at http://fgcz-shiny.uzh.ch/PnBDesigner/ CONCLUSION: With PnB Designer we created a user-friendly design tool for CRISPR PE and BE reagents, which should simplify choosing editing strategy and avoiding design complications.

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WT-PE: Prime editing with nuclease wild-type Cas9 enables versatile large-scale genome editing.

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| S-EPMC9018734 | biostudies-literature

WheatCRISPR: a web-based guide RNA design tool for CRISPR/Cas9-mediated genome editing in wheat.

Project description:BACKGROUND:CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing has become a revolutionary technique for crop improvement as it can facilitate fast and efficient genetic changes without the retention of transgene components in the final plant line. Lack of robust bioinformatics tools to facilitate the design of highly specific functional guide RNAs (gRNAs) and prediction of off-target sites in wheat is currently an obstacle to effective application of CRISPR technology to wheat improvement. DESCRIPTION:We have developed a web-based bioinformatics tool to design specific gRNAs for genome editing and transcriptional regulation of gene expression in wheat. A collaborative study between the Broad Institute and Microsoft Research used large-scale empirical evidence to devise algorithms (Doech et al., 2016, Nature Biotechnology 34, 184-191) for predicting the on-target activity and off-target potential of CRISPR/SpCas9 (Streptococcus pyogenes Cas9). We applied these prediction models to determine on-target specificity and potential off-target activity for individual gRNAs targeting specific loci in the wheat genome. The genome-wide gRNA mappings and the corresponding Doench scores predictive of the on-target and off-target activities were used to create a gRNA database which was used as a data source for the web application termed WheatCRISPR. CONCLUSION:The WheatCRISPR tool allows researchers to browse all possible gRNAs targeting a gene or sequence of interest and select effective gRNAs based on their predicted high on-target and low off-target activity scores, as well as other characteristics such as position within the targeted gene. It is publicly available at https://crispr.bioinfo.nrc.ca/WheatCrispr/ .

| S-EPMC6836449 | biostudies-literature

HDAC inhibitors improve CRISPR-Cas9 mediated prime editing and base editing.

Project description:Recent advances in CRISPR-Cas9 techniques, especially the discovery of base and prime editing, have significantly improved our ability to make precise changes in the genome. We hypothesized that modulating certain endogenous pathway cells could improve the action of those editing tools in mammalian cells. We established a reporter system in which a small fragment was integrated into the genome by prime editing (PE). With this system, we screened an in-house small-molecule library and identified a group of histone deacetylase inhibitors (HDACi) increasing prime editing. We also found that HDACi increased the efficiency of both cytosine base editing (CBE) and adenine base editing (ABE). Moreover, HDACi increased the purity of cytosine base editor products, which was accompanied by an upregulation of the acetylation of uracil DNA glycosylase (UNG) and UNG inhibitor (UGI) and an enhancement of their interaction. In summary, our work demonstrated that HDACi improves Cas9-mediated prime editing and base editing.

| S-EPMC9207553 | biostudies-literature

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Project description:Prime editing (PE) enables efficiently targeted introduction of multiple types of small-sized genetic change without requiring double-strand breaks or donor templates. Here we designed a simple strategy to introduce random DNA sequences into targeted genomic loci by prime editing, which we named random prime editing (Random-PE). In our strategy, the prime editing guide RNA (pegRNA) was engineered to harbor random sequences between the primer binding sequence (PBS) and homologous arm (HA) of the reverse transcriptase templates. With these pegRNAs, we achieved efficient targeted insertion or substitution of random sequences with different lengths, ranging from 5 to 10, in mammalian cells. Importantly, the diversity of inserted sequences is well preserved. By fine-tuning the design of random sequences, we were able to make simultaneously insertions or substitutions of random sequences in multiple sites, allowing in situ evolution of multiple positions in a given protein. Therefore, these results provide a framework for targeted integration of random sequences into genomes, which can be redirected for manifold applications, such as in situ protospacer adjacent motif (PAM) library construction, enhancer screening, and DNA barcoding.

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Evaluating CRISPR-based prime editing for cancer modeling and CFTR repair in organoids.

Project description:Prime editing is a recently reported genome editing tool using a nickase-cas9 fused to a reverse transcriptase that directly synthesizes the desired edit at the target site. Here, we explore the use of prime editing in human organoids. Common TP53 mutations can be correctly modeled in human adult stem cell-derived colonic organoids with efficiencies up to 25% and up to 97% in hepatocyte organoids. Next, we functionally repaired the cystic fibrosis CFTR-F508del mutation and compared prime editing to CRISPR/Cas9-mediated homology-directed repair and adenine base editing on the CFTR-R785* mutation. Whole-genome sequencing of prime editing-repaired organoids revealed no detectable off-target effects. Despite encountering varying editing efficiencies and undesired mutations at the target site, these results underline the broad applicability of prime editing for modeling oncogenic mutations and showcase the potential clinical application of this technique, pending further optimization.

| S-EPMC8356249 | biostudies-literature

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