Perpetrator pose reinstatement during a lineup test increases discrimination accuracy.
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ABSTRACT:
SUBMITTER: Colloff MF
PROVIDER: S-EPMC8271008 | biostudies-literature |
REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature
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Project description:?: We report on research on individual-difference measures that could be used to assess the validity of eyewitness identification decisions. BACKGROUND:The predictive utility of face recognition tasks for eyewitness identification has received some attention from psychologists, but the previous research focused primarily on witnesses' likelihood of correctly choosing the culprit when present in a lineup. Far less discussed has been individual differences in witnesses' proclivity to choose from a lineup that does not contain the culprit. We designed a two-alternative non-forced-choice face recognition task (consisting of mini-lineup test pairs, half old/new and half new/new) to predict witnesses' proclivity to choose for a set of culprit-absent lineups associated with earlier-viewed crime videos. RESULTS:In two studies involving a total of 402 participants, proclivity to choose on new/new pairs predicted mistaken identifications on culprit-absent lineups, with r values averaging .43. The likelihood of choosing correctly on old/new pairs (a measure of face recognition skill) was only weakly predictive of correct identifications in culprit-present lineups (mean r of .22). CONCLUSIONS:Our findings could be the basis for further research aimed at developing a standardized measure of proclivity to choose that could be used, along with other measures, to weigh eyewitnesses' lineup identification decisions.
| S-EPMC6352739 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Ventral-visual activity in older adults has been characterized by dedifferentiation, or reduced distinctiveness, of responses to different categories of visual stimuli such as faces and houses, that typically elicit highly specialized responses in the fusiform and parahippocampal brain regions respectively in young adults (Park et al., 2004). In the present study, we demonstrate that age-related neural dedifferentiation applies to within-category stimuli (different types of faces) as well, such that older adults process less distinctive representations for individual faces than young adults. We performed a functional magnetic resonance imaging adaptation experiment while young and older participants made same-different judgments to serially presented face-pairs that were Identical, Moderate in similarity through morphing, or Different. As expected, older adults showed adaptation in the fusiform face area (FFA), during the Identical as well as the Moderate conditions relative to the Different condition. Young adults showed adaptation during the Identical condition, but minimal adaptation to the Moderate condition. These results indicate that older adults' FFA treated the morphed faces as Identical faces, reflecting decreased fidelity of neural representation of faces with age.
| S-EPMC2847054 | biostudies-literature
Project description:BackgroundTo date, research assessing discrimination has employed primarily explicit measures (i.e., self-reports), which can be subject to intentional and social desirability processes. Only a few studies, focusing on sex and race/ethnicity discrimination, have relied on implicit measures (i.e., Implicit Association Test, IAT), which permit assessing mental representations that are outside of conscious control. This study aims to advance measurement of discrimination by extending the application of implicit measures to multiple types of discrimination and optimizing the time required for the administration of these instruments.MethodsBetween September 27th 2019 and February 9th 2020, we conducted six experiments (984 participants) to assess implicit and explicit discrimination based on race/ethnicity, sex, gender identity, sexual orientation, weight, and age. Implicit discrimination was measured by using the Brief-Implicit Association Test (B-IAT), a new validated version of the IAT developed to shorten the time needed (from ≈15 to ≈2 min) to assess implicit mental representations, while explicit discrimination was assessed using self-reported items.ResultsAmong participants (mean age = 37.8), 68.6% were White Non-Hispanic; 69% were females; 76.1% were heterosexual; 90.7% were gender conforming; 52.8% were medium weight; and 41.5% had an advanced level of education. Overall, we found implicit and explicit recognition of discrimination towards all the target groups (stronger for members of the target than dominant groups). Some exceptions emerged in experiments investigating race/ethnicity and weight discrimination. In the racism experiment, only people of Color showed an implicit recognition of discrimination towards the target group, while White people were neutral. In the fatphobia experiment, participants who were not heavy showed a slight implicit recognition of discrimination towards the dominant group, while heavy participants were neutral.ConclusionsThis study provides evidence that the B-IAT is a valuable tool for quickly assessing multiple types of implicit discrimination. It shows also that implicit and explicit measures can display diverging results, thus indicating that research would benefit from the use of both these instruments. These results have important implications for the assessment of discrimination in health research as well as in social and psychological science.
| S-EPMC7814653 | biostudies-literature
Project description:AimTo assess the diagnostic utility of an oral rinse active matrix metalloproteinase-8 (aMMP-8) point-of-care test (POCT) for differentiating periodontal health, gingivitis, as well as different stages and grades of periodontitis.Materials & methodsThe aMMP-8 index test was undertaken in 408 consecutive adults, followed by a full-mouth periodontal examination. The reference standard was the 2017 World Workshop classification of periodontal diseases. Sensitivity, specificity, and the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUROC) were assessed.Results68.6% of the participants were diagnosed with periodontitis, including Stages I (15.9%), II (15.9%), III (29.7%) and IV (7.1%). A positive aMMP-8 POCT was associated with periodontitis after adjusting for age, gender, tobacco smoking and systemic diseases, while it was unable to differentiate among the stages/grades of periodontitis and between gingivitis/periodontal health. This test showed a sensitivity of 33.2% and a specificity of 93.0% for detecting periodontitis (threshold level >10 ng/ml). The levels of aMMP-8 adjusted by the number of teeth present (aMMP-8/NTP) performed better for periodontitis (sensitivity: 67.1%; specificity: 68.8%). Notably, aMMP-8/NTP were strongly predictive for Stage IV periodontitis (threshold level =0.4312 ng/ml) (sensitivity: 89.7%; specificity: 73.6%; and AUROC: 0.856). The test performance greatly improved in combination with age and smoking, with a sensitivity of 82.5%, a specificity of 84.4%, and an AUROC of 0.883.ConclusionThis aMMP-8 POCT is able to detect periodontitis with better specificity than sensitivity across the spectrum of its severity. This test may be useful for periodontal screening in conjunction with subject characteristics and/or other sensitive screening tools. Further validation studies are needed.
| S-EPMC8362205 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Human movement researchers are often restricted to laboratory environments and data capture techniques that are time and/or resource intensive. Markerless pose estimation algorithms show great potential to facilitate large scale movement studies 'in the wild', i.e., outside of the constraints imposed by marker-based motion capture. However, the accuracy of such algorithms has not yet been fully evaluated. We computed 3D joint centre locations using several pre-trained deep-learning based pose estimation methods (OpenPose, AlphaPose, DeepLabCut) and compared to marker-based motion capture. Participants performed walking, running and jumping activities while marker-based motion capture data and multi-camera high speed images (200 Hz) were captured. The pose estimation algorithms were applied to 2D image data and 3D joint centre locations were reconstructed. Pose estimation derived joint centres demonstrated systematic differences at the hip and knee (~ 30-50 mm), most likely due to mislabeling of ground truth data in the training datasets. Where systematic differences were lower, e.g., the ankle, differences of 1-15 mm were observed depending on the activity. Markerless motion capture represents a highly promising emerging technology that could free movement scientists from laboratory environments but 3D joint centre locations are not yet consistently comparable to marker-based motion capture.
| S-EPMC8526586 | biostudies-literature
Project description:BackgroundPresenting results of diagnostic test accuracy research so that it is accessible to users is challenging. Commonly used accuracy measures (e.g. sensitivity and specificity) are poorly understood by health professionals and the public. Evidence suggests that presenting probabilities as natural frequencies rather than percentages facilitates understanding. We present a test consequence graphic to display results based on natural frequencies and test consequences.MethodsThe graphic was developed as part of a project to develop guidance for writing plain language summaries for Cochrane diagnostic test accuracy (DTA) reviews. Using a mixed methods approach (focus groups, user testing, web-based surveys, public engagement and piloting), the graphic emerged as a clear preference out of a range of methods for presenting probabilistic information (text only, numbers embedded in text, annotated graphic) across patient representatives, media representatives and health professionals. The structure of the graphic was refined during the research process.ResultsThe test consequence graphic displays the results of diagnostic test accuracy study or review as natural frequencies based on a hypothetical cohort of 1000 patients receiving the test.ConclusionsThe test consequence graphic provides a tool to help researchers communicate the results of diagnostic research in a simple, easy to access format and encourage meaningful application of research findings to practice. Key to this is linking estimates of test accuracy to potential downstream consequences of testing.
| S-EPMC6460548 | biostudies-literature
Project description:BackgroundSkin patch testing is still seen as the gold standard for the diagnosis of allergic hypersensitivity. For several metals and for patients with a suspected adverse reaction to their medical device implant material, patch testing can be unreliable. The current alternative to metal allergy patch testing is the in vitro lymphocyte proliferation test (LPT) using tritiated thymidine. This method is well-established but requires handling of radioactive material, often uses heat-inactivated allogenic human pooled serum and cannot determine T cell subsets.ObjectiveTo develop a radioactive free LPT by using carboxyfluorescein succinimidyl ester (CFSE) and to evaluate the influence of serum source (heat-inactivated human pooled serum [HI HPS] vs autologous serum) on the sensitivity and specificity of the nickel-specific LPT.MethodsPeripheral blood mononuclear cells derived from nickel-allergic patients and healthy controls were collected, labelled with CFSE and cultured in medium containing 10% HI HPS or 10% autologous serum with or without additional T cell skewing cytokine cocktails (Th1: IL-7/IL-12, Th2: IL-7/IL-4 or Th17: IL-7/IL-23/IL-1?) in the absence or presence of NiSO4 . The stimulation index (SI) was calculated as the ratio of divided cells, that is the percentage of CFSElow/neg CD3+ CD4+ T-lymphocytes upon nickel stimulation compared to the percentage of CFSElow/neg CD3+ CD4+ T-lymphocytes without antigen. These results were compared with the history of Ni allergy, patch test results and the MELISA test.ResultsAutologous serum positively influenced Ni-specific proliferation while HI HPS negatively influenced Ni-specific proliferation. The test protocol analysing CD4+ cells and autologous serum without skewing cytokines scored the best diagnostic values (sensitivity 95%; specificity 93%; and overall accuracy 94%) compared to the parallel test using HI HPS (accuracy 60%). Cytokine supplements did not further improve the test protocol which used autologous serum. The protocol using HI HPS could be further improved by addition of the cytokine skewing cocktails.ConclusionsHere, we describe an optimized and highly accurate flow cytometric LPT which comprises of CFSE-labelled cells cultured in autologous serum (not heat inactivated) and without the presence of T cell skewing cytokines.Clinical relevanceThe sensitivity and specificity of LPT is enhanced, compared to HI HPS, when autologous serum without skewing cytokines is used.
| S-EPMC7317482 | biostudies-literature
Project description:BackgroundMultiple studies have shown that the exercise electrocardiogram (ECG) is less accurate for predicting ischemia, especially in women, and there is additional evidence to suggest that heart size may affect its diagnostic accuracy.HypothesisThe purpose of this investigation was to assess the diagnostic accuracy of the exercise ECG based on heart size.MethodsWe evaluated 1,011 consecutive patients who were referred for an exercise nuclear stress test. Patients were divided into two groups: small heart size defined as left ventricular end diastolic volume (LVEDV) <65 mL (Group A) and normal heart size defined as LVEDV ?65 mL (Group B) and associations between ECG outcome (false positive vs. no false positive) and heart size (small vs. normal) were analyzed using the Chi square test for independence, with a Yates continuity correction. LVEDV calculations were performed via a computer-processing algorithm. SPECT myocardial perfusion imaging was used as the gold standard for the presence of coronary artery disease (CAD).ResultsSmall heart size was found in 142 patients, 123 female and 19 male patients. There was a significant association between ECG outcome and heart size (?(2)?=?4.7, p?=?0.03), where smaller hearts were associated with a significantly greater number of false positives.ConclusionsThis study suggests a possible explanation for the poor diagnostic accuracy of exercise stress testing, especially in women, as the overwhelming majority of patients with small heart size were women.
| S-EPMC3157363 | biostudies-literature
Project description:In 1996, shortly after the founding of The Cochrane Collaboration, leading figures in test evaluation research established a Methods Group to focus on the relatively new and rapidly evolving methods for the systematic review of studies of diagnostic tests. Seven years later, the Collaboration decided it was time to develop a publication format and methodology for Diagnostic Test Accuracy (DTA) reviews, as well as the software needed to implement these reviews in The Cochrane Library. A meeting hosted by the German Cochrane Centre in 2004 brought together key methodologists in the area, many of whom became closely involved in the subsequent development of the methodological framework for DTA reviews. DTA reviews first appeared in The Cochrane Library in 2008 and are now an integral part of the work of the Collaboration.
| S-EPMC3851548 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Building on recent psychological research showing that power increases self-focused attention, we propose that having power increases accuracy in perception of bodily signals, a phenomenon known as interoceptive accuracy. Consistent with our proposition, participants in a high-power experimental condition outperformed those in the control and low-power conditions in the Schandry heartbeat-detection task. We demonstrate that the effect of power on interoceptive accuracy is not explained by participants' physiological arousal, affective state, or general intention for accuracy. Rather, consistent with our reasoning that experiencing power shifts attentional resources inward, we show that the effect of power on interoceptive accuracy is dependent on individuals' chronic tendency to focus on their internal sensations. Moreover, we demonstrate that individuals' chronic sense of power also predicts interoceptive accuracy similar to, and independent of, how their situationally induced feeling of power does. We therefore provide further support on the relation between power and enhanced perception of bodily signals. Our findings offer a novel perspective-a psychophysiological account-on how power might affect judgments and behavior. We highlight and discuss some of these intriguing possibilities for future research.
| S-EPMC5541025 | biostudies-literature