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Information theory of metasurfaces.

ABSTRACT: We propose a theory to characterize the information and information processing abilities of metasurfaces, and demonstrate the relation between the information of the metasurface and its radiation pattern in the far-field region. By incorporating a general aperture model with uncertainty relation in L ²-space, we propose a theory to predict the upper bound of information contained in the radiation pattern of a metasurface, and reveal the theoretical upper limit of orthogonal radiation states. The proposed theory also provides guidance for inverse design of the metasurface with respect to given functionalities. Through investigation of the information of disordered-phase modulated metasurfaces, we find the information invariance (1-γ, where γ is Euler's constant) of chaotic radiation patterns. That is to say, the information of the disordered-phase modulated radiation patterns is always equal to 1-γ, regardless of variations in size, the number of elements and the phase pattern of metasurface. This value might be the lower bound of radiation-pattern information of the metasurface, which can provide a theoretical limit for information modulation applications, including computational imaging, stealth technologies and wireless communications.

SUBMITTER: Wu H

PROVIDER: S-EPMC8289013 | biostudies-literature | 2020 Mar

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Information theory of metasurfaces.

Wu Haotian H Bai Guo Dong GD Liu Shuo S Li Lianlin L Wan Xiang X Cheng Qiang Q Cui Tie Jun TJ

National science review 20191127 3

We propose a theory to characterize the information and information processing abilities of metasurfaces, and demonstrate the relation between the information of the metasurface and its radiation pattern in the far-field region. By incorporating a general aperture model with uncertainty relation in <i>L</i> <sup>2</sup>-space, we propose a theory to predict the upper bound of information contained in the radiation pattern of a metasurface, and reveal the theoretical upper limit of orthogonal rad ...[more]

PMID: 34692075

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Project description:ObjectivesThis secondary analysis evaluated the information content exhibited by various measurement strategies of commonly perceived causes, or "triggers," of headache attacks.BackgroundWhen evaluating triggers of primary headache attacks, the variation observed in trigger candidates must be measured to compare against the covariation in headache activity. Given the numerous strategies that could be used to measure and record headache trigger variables, it is useful to consider the information contained in these measurements.MethodsUsing previously collected data from cohort and cross-sectional studies, online data sources, and simulations, the Shannon information entropy exhibited by many common triggers was evaluated by analyzing available time-series or theoretical distributions of headache triggers. The degree of information, reported in bits, was compared across trigger variables, measurement strategies, and settings.ResultsA wide range of information content was observed across headache triggers. Due to lack of variation, there was little information, near 0.00 bits, in triggers like red wine and air conditioning. Most headache triggers exhibited more information when measured using an ordinal scale of presence/degree (e.g., absent, mild, moderate, severe) versus a present/absent binary coding. For example, the trigger "joy" exhibited 0.03 bits when assessed using binary coding but 1.81 bits when coded using an ordinal scale. More information was observed with the use of count data (0.86 to 1.75 bits), Likert rating scales (1.50 to 2.76 bits), validated questionnaires (3.57 to 6.04 bits), weather variables (0.10 to 8.00 bits), and ambulatory monitoring devices (9.19 to 12.61 bits).ConclusionsAlthough commonly used, all binary-coded measurements contain ≤1.00 bit of information. Low levels of information in trigger variables make associations with headache activity more difficult to detect. Assessments that balance information-rich measurements with reasonable participant burden using efficient formats (e.g., Likert scales) are recommended to enhance the evaluation of the association with headache activity.

Dataset Information

Information theory of metasurfaces.

Publications

Information theory of metasurfaces.

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