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Blending with Poly(l-lactic acid) Improves the Printability of Poly(l-lactide-co-caprolactone) and Enhances the Potential Application in Cartilage Tissue Engineering.

ABSTRACT: Poly(l-lactide-co-caprolactone) (PLCL, 50:50) has been used in cartilage tissue engineering because of its high elasticity. However, its mechanical properties, including its rigidity and viscoelasticity, must be improved for compatibility with native cartilage. In this study, a set of PLCL/poly(l-lactic acid) (PLLA) blends was prepared by blending with different mass ratios of PLLA that range from 10 to 50%, using thermoplastic techniques. After testing the properties of these PLCL/PLLA blends, they were used to fabricate scaffolds by the 3D printing technology. The structures and viscoelastic behavior of the PLCL/PLLA scaffolds were determined, and then, the potential application of the scaffolds in cartilage tissue engineering was evaluated by chondrocytes culture. All blends demonstrate good thermal stability for the 3D printing technology. All blends show good toughness, while the rigidity of PLCL is increased through PLLA blending, and Young's modulus of blends with 10-20% PLLA is similar to that of native cartilage. Furthermore, blending with PLLA improves the processability of PLCL for 3D printing, and the compression modulus and viscoelasticity of 3D-printed PLCL/PLLA scaffolds are different from that of PLCL. Additionally, the stress relaxation time (t _1/2) of the PLCL/PLLA scaffolds, which is important for chondrogenesis, is dramatically shortened compared with the pure PLCL scaffold at the same 3D-printing filling rate. Consistently, the PLCL90PLLA10 scaffold at a 70% filling rate with much shorter t _1/2 is more conducive to the proliferation and chondrogenesis of in vitro seeded chondrocytes accompanied by upregulated expression of SOX9 than the PLCL scaffold. Taken together, these results demonstrate that blending with PLLA improves the printability of PLCL and enhances its potential application, particularly PLCL/PLLA scaffolds with a low ratio of PLLA, in cartilage tissue engineering.

SUBMITTER: Duan R

PROVIDER: S-EPMC8296602 | biostudies-literature |

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Project description:Tissue engineering has become a promising therapeutic approach for bone regeneration. Nanofibrous scaffolds have attracted great interest mainly due to their structural similarity to natural extracellular matrix (ECM). Poly(lactide-co-?-caprolactone) (PLCL) has been successfully used in bone regeneration, but PLCL polymers are inert and lack natural cell recognition sites, and the surface of PLCL scaffold is hydrophobic. Silk fibroin (SF) is a kind of natural polymer with inherent bioactivity, and supports mesenchymal stem cell attachment, osteogenesis, and ECM deposition. Therefore, we fabricated hybrid nanofibrous scaffolds by adding different weight ratios of SF to PLCL in order to find a scaffold with improved properties for bone regeneration.Hybrid nanofibrous scaffolds were fabricated by blending different weight ratios of SF with PLCL. Human adipose-derived stem cells (hADSCs) were seeded on SF/PLCL nanofibrous scaffolds of various ratios for a systematic evaluation of cell adhesion, proliferation, cytotoxicity, and osteogenic differentiation; the efficacy of the composite of hADSCs and scaffolds in repairing critical-sized calvarial defects in rats was investigated.The SF/PLCL (50/50) scaffold exhibited favorable tensile strength, surface roughness, and hydrophilicity, which facilitated cell adhesion and proliferation. Moreover, the SF/PLCL (50/50) scaffold promoted the osteogenic differentiation of hADSCs by elevating the expression levels of osteogenic marker genes such as BSP, Ocn, Col1A1, and OPN and enhanced ECM mineralization. In vivo assays showed that SF/PLCL (50/50) scaffold improved the repair of the critical-sized calvarial defect in rats, resulting in increased bone volume, higher trabecular number, enhanced bone mineral density, and increased new bone areas, compared with the pure PLCL scaffold.The SF/PLCL (50/50) nanofibrous scaffold facilitated hADSC proliferation and osteogenic differentiation in vitro and further promoted new bone formation in vivo, suggesting that the SF/PLCL (50/50) nanofibrous scaffold holds great potential in bone tissue regeneration.

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Blending with Poly(l-lactic acid) Improves the Printability of Poly(l-lactide-co-caprolactone) and Enhances the Potential Application in Cartilage Tissue Engineering.

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