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Efficient experimental quantum fingerprinting with channel multiplexing and simultaneous detection.

ABSTRACT: Quantum communication complexity explores the minimum amount of communication required to achieve certain tasks using quantum states. One representative example is quantum fingerprinting, in which the minimum amount of communication could be exponentially smaller than the classical fingerprinting. Here, we propose a quantum fingerprinting protocol where coherent states and channel multiplexing are used, with simultaneous detection of signals carried by multiple channels. Compared with an existing coherent quantum fingerprinting protocol, our protocol could consistently reduce communication time and the amount of communication by orders of magnitude by increasing the number of channels. Our proposed protocol can even beat the classical limit without using superconducting-nanowire single photon detectors. We also report a proof-of-concept experimental demonstration with six wavelength channels to validate the advantage of our protocol in the amount of communication. The experimental results clearly prove that our protocol not only surpasses the best-known classical protocol, but also remarkably outperforms the existing coherent quantum fingerprinting protocol.

SUBMITTER: Zhong X

PROVIDER: S-EPMC8298536 | biostudies-literature |

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Project description:ChIP-seq experiments are standard experimental procedure for interrogating epigenetic states and protein-DNA interactions. Sequencing experiments are often designed according to the trade-off between the need to obtain maximum sequencing coverage limited funds. Multiplexing samples is a common approach to minimize cost and maximize information yield. We therefore performed an extensive ChiP-seq multiplexing study to gain a better understanding of the effect of multiplexing on the resulting peak detection and genomic annotation and to provide solid guidelines for multiplexing ChIP-seq studies. For a well characterized antibody, our results indicate that multiplexing to ~20M reads (roughly 8 samples per sequencing lane) is sufficient to capture most of the biological signal. Multiplexing samples in sequencing experiments is a common approach to maximize information yield while minimizing cost. In most cases the number of samples that are multiplexed is determined by financial consideration or experimental convenience with limited understanding on the effects on the experimental results. Here we set to examine the impact of multiplexing ChIP-seq experiments on the ability to identify a specific epigenetic modification. We performed an analysis of peak detection to determine the effects of multiplexing. These include false discovery rates, size, position and statistical significance of peak detection and changes in gene annotation. We found that, for histone marker H3K4me3, one can multiplex up to 8 samples (7 IP + 1 input) at ~21 million reads each and still detect over 90% of all peaks found when using a full lane for sample. Furthermore, there are no variations introduced by indexing or lane batch effects and importantly there is no significant reduction in the number of genes with neighboring H3K4me3 peaks. We conclude that, for a well characterized antibody and therefore, model IP condition, multiplexing 8 samples per lane is sufficient to capture most of the biological signal.

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Efficient experimental quantum fingerprinting with channel multiplexing and simultaneous detection.

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