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Hyper Cross-Linked Polymers as Additives for Preventing Aging of PIM-1 Membranes.

ABSTRACT: Mixed-matrix membranes (MMMs) are membranes that are composed of polymers embedded with inorganic particles. By combining the polymers with the inorganic fillers, improvements can be made to the permeability compared to the pure polymer membranes due to new pathways for gas transport. However, the fillers, such as hyper cross-linked polymers (HCP), can also help to reduce the physical aging of the MMMs composed of a glassy polymer matrix. Here we report the synthesis of two novel HCP fillers, based on the Friedel-Crafts reaction between a tetraphenyl methane monomer and a bromomethyl benzene monomer. According to the temperature and the solvent used during the reaction (dichloromethane (DCM) or dichloroethane (DCE)), two different particle sizes have been obtained, 498 nm with DCM and 120 nm with DCE. The change in the reaction process also induces a change in the surface area and pore volumes. Several MMMs have been developed with PIM-1 as matrix and HCPs as fillers at 3% and 10wt % loading. Their permeation performances have been studied over the course of two years in order to explore physical aging effects over time. Without filler, PIM-1 exhibits the classical aging behavior of polymers of intrinsic microporosity, namely, a progressive decline in gas permeation, up to 90% for CO₂ permeability. On the contrary, with HCPs, the physical aging at longer terms in PIM-1 is moderated with a decrease of 60% for CO₂ permeability. ¹³C spin-lattice relaxation times (T1) indicates that this slowdown is related to the interactions between HCPs and PIM-1.

SUBMITTER: Begni F

PROVIDER: S-EPMC8305886 | biostudies-literature |

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Selective Environmental Remediation of Strontium and Cesium Using Sulfonated Hyper-Cross-Linked Polymers (SHCPs).

Project description:Sulfonated hyper-cross-linked polymers based on 4,4'-bis(chloromethyl)-1,1'-biphenyl (BCMBP) were synthesized via metal-free (SHCP-1) and conventional Lewis acid-catalyzed (SHCP-2) Friedel-Crafts alkylation routes. The sulfonated polymers possessed BET surface areas in excess of 500 m2·g-1. SHCP-1 was investigated for its ability to extract Sr and Cs ions from aqueous solutions via the ion-exchange reaction of the sulfonic acid moiety. Equilibrium uptake data could be accurately modeled by the Dubinin-Radushkevich isotherm, with maximum calculated loading values of 95.6 ± 2.8 mg·g-1 (Sr) and 273 ± 37 mg·g-1 (Cs). Uptake of both target ions was rapid, with pseudo second-order rate constants calculated as 7.71 ± 1.1 (×10-2) for Sr and 0.113 ± 0.014 for Cs. Furthermore, the polymer was found to be highly selective toward the target ions over large excesses of naturally occurring competing metal ions Na, K, Mg, and Ca. We conclude that hyper-cross-linked polymers may offer intrinsic advantages over other adsorbents for the remediation of aqueous Sr and Cs contamination.

| S-EPMC7007012 | biostudies-literature

Hydroxy-functionalized hyper-cross-linked ultra-microporous organic polymers for selective CO<sub>2</sub> capture at room temperature.

Project description:Two hydroxy-functionalized hyper-cross-linked ultra-microporous compounds have been synthesized by Friedel-Crafts alkylation reaction and characterised with different spectroscopic techniques. Both compounds exhibit an efficient carbon dioxide uptake over other gases like N2, H2 and O2 at room temperature. A high isosteric heat of adsorption (Qst) has been obtained for both materials because of strong interactions between polar -OH groups and CO2 molecules.

| S-EPMC5082474 | biostudies-literature

Membranes of Polymers of Intrinsic Microporosity (PIM-1) Modified by Poly(ethylene glycol).

Project description:Until now, the leading polymer of intrinsic microporosity PIM-1 has become quite famous for its high membrane permeability for many gases in gas separation, linked, however, to a rather moderate selectivity. The combination with the hydrophilic and low permeable poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) and poly(ethylene oxides) (PEO) should on the one hand reduce permeability, while on the other hand enhance selectivity, especially for the polar gas CO? by improving the hydrophilicity of the membranes. Four different paths to combine PIM-1 with PEG or poly(ethylene oxide) and poly(propylene oxide) (PPO) were studied: physically blending, quenching of polycondensation, synthesis of multiblock copolymers and synthesis of copolymers with PEO/PPO side chain. Blends and new, chemically linked polymers were successfully formed into free standing dense membranes and measured in single gas permeation of N?, O?, CO? and CH? by time lag method. As expected, permeability was lowered by any substantial addition of PEG/PEO/PPO regardless the manufacturing process and proportionally to the added amount. About 6 to 7 wt % of PEG/PEO/PPO added to PIM-1 halved permeability compared to PIM-1 membrane prepared under similar conditions. Consequently, selectivity from single gas measurements increased up to values of about 30 for CO?/N? gas pair, a maximum of 18 for CO?/CH? and 3.5 for O?/N?.

| S-EPMC5489862 | biostudies-other

Carbazole-functionalized hyper-cross-linked polymers for CO<sub>2</sub> uptake based on Friedel-Crafts polymerization on 9-phenylcarbazole.

Project description:To systematically explore the effects of the synthesis conditions on the porosity of hyper-cross-linked polymers (HCPs), a series of 9-phenylcarbazole (9-PCz) HCPs (P1-P11) has been made by changing the molar ratio of cross-linker to monomer, the reaction temperature T 1, the used amount of catalyst and the concentration of reactants. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy was utilized to characterize the structure of the obtained polymers. The TG analysis of the HCPs showed good thermal stability. More importantly, a comparative study on the porosity revealed that: the molar ratio of cross-linker to monomer was the main influence factor of the BET specific surface area. Increasing the reaction temperature T 1 or changing the used amount of catalyst could improve the total pore volume greatly but sacrificed a part of the BET specific surface area. Fortunately changing the concentration of reactants could remedy this situation. Slightly changing the concentration of reactants could simultaneously obtain a high surface area and a high total pore volume. The BET specific surface areas of P3 was up to 769 m2 g-1 with narrow pore size distribution and the CO2 adsorption capacity of P11 was up to 52.4 cm3 g-1 (273 K/1.00 bar).

| S-EPMC6902873 | biostudies-literature

Microporous Materials Based on Norbornadiene-Based Cross-Linked Polymers.

Project description:New microporous homopolymers were readily prepared from norbornadiene-2,5, its dimer and trimer by addition (vinyl) polymerization of the corresponding monomers with 60⁻98% yields. As a catalyst Pd-N-heterocyclic carbene complex or Ni(II) 2-ethylhexanoate activated with Na⁺[B(3,5-(CF₃)₂C₆H₃)₄]- or methylaluminoxane was used. The synthesized polynorbornenes are cross-linked and insoluble. They are glassy and amorphous polymers. Depending on the nature of the catalyst applied, BET surface areas were in the range of 420⁻970 m²/g. The polymers with the highest surface area were obtained in the presence of Pd-catalysts from the trimer of norbornadiene-2,5. The total pore volume of the polymers varies from 0.39 to 0.79 cm³/g, while the true volume of micropores was 0.14⁻0.16 cm³/g according to t-plot. These polymers gave CO₂ uptake from 1.2 to 1.9 mmol/g at 273 K and 1 atm. The porous structure of new polymers was also studied by means of wide-angle X-ray diffraction and positron annihilation lifetime spectroscopy.

| S-EPMC6401845 | biostudies-other

Hyper-Cross-Linked Polystyrene as a Stabilizing Medium for Small Metal Clusters.

Project description:Among different polymers nanostructured cross-linked aromatics have the greatest potential as catalytic supports due to their exceptional thermal and chemical stability and preservation of the active phase morphology. This work studies the ability of hyper-cross-linked polystyrene (HPS) to stabilize small Pdn and Ptn (n = 4 or 9) clusters. Unrestricted DFT calculations were carried out for benzene (BZ) adsorption at the BP level of theory using triple-zeta basis sets. The adsorption of BZ rings (stepwise from one to four) was found to result in noticeable gain in energy and stabilization of resulting adsorption complexes. Moreover, the interaction of metal clusters with HPS micropores was also addressed. For the first time, the incorporation of small clusters in the HPS structure was shown to influences its geometry resulting in the stabilization of polymer due to its partial relaxation.

| S-EPMC8433677 | biostudies-literature

Biomolecules as Flame Retardant Additives for Polymers: A Review.

Project description:Biological molecules can be obtained from natural sources or from commercial waste streams and can serve as effective feedstocks for a wide range of polymer products. From foams to epoxies and composites to bulk plastics, biomolecules show processability, thermal stability, and mechanical adaptations to fulfill current material requirements. This paper summarizes the known bio-sourced (or bio-derived), environmentally safe, thermo-oxidative, and flame retardant (BEST-FR) additives from animal tissues, plant fibers, food waste, and other natural resources. The flammability, flame retardance, and-where available-effects on polymer matrix's mechanical properties of these materials will be presented. Their method of incorporation into the matrix, and the matrices for which the BEST-FR should be applicable will also be made known if reported. Lastly, a review on terminology and testing methodology is provided with comments on future developments in the field.

| S-EPMC7240707 | biostudies-literature

Amphiphilic Comb Polymers as New Additives in Bicontinuous Microemulsions.

Project description:It has been shown that the thermodynamics of bicontinuous microemulsions can be tailored via the addition of various different amphiphilic polymers. In this manuscript, we now focus on comb-type polymers consisting of hydrophobic backbones and hydrophilic side chains. The distinct philicity of the backbone and side chains leads to a well-defined segregation into the oil and water domains respectively, as confirmed by contrast variation small-angle neutron scattering experiments. This polymer-microemulsion structure leads to well-described conformational entropies of the polymer fragments (backbone and side chains) that exert pressure on the membrane, which influences the thermodynamics of the overall microemulsion. In the context of the different polymer architectures that have been studied by our group with regards to their phase diagrams and small-angle neutron scattering, the microemulsion thermodynamics of comb polymers can be described in terms of a superposition of the backbone and side chain fragments. The denser or longer the side chain, the stronger the grafting and the more visible the brush effect of the side chains becomes. Possible applications of the comb polymers as switchable additives are discussed. Finally, a balanced philicity of polymers also motivates transmembrane migration in biological systems of the polymers themselves or of polymer-DNA complexes.

| S-EPMC7761537 | biostudies-literature

Effectiveness of cell adhesive additives in different supramolecular polymers.

Project description:Supramolecular motifs in elastomeric biomaterials facilitate the modular incorporation of additives with corresponding motifs. The influence of the elastomeric supramolecular base polymer on the presentation of additives has been sparsely examined, limiting the knowledge of transferability of effective functionalization between polymers. Here it was investigated if the polymer backbone and the additive influence biomaterial modification in two different types of hydrogen bonding supramolecular systems, that is, based on ureido-pyrimidinone or bis-urea units. Two different cell-adhesive additives, that is, catechol or cyclic RGD, were incorporated into different elastomeric polymers, that is, polycaprolactone, priplast or polycarbonate. The additive effectiveness was evaluated with three different cell types. AFM measurements showed modest alterations on nano-scale assembly in ureido-pyrimidinone materials modified with additives. On the contrary, additive addition was highly intrusive in bis-urea materials. Detailed cell adhesive studies revealed additive effectiveness varied between base polymers and the supramolecular platform, with bis-urea materials more potently affecting cell behavior. This research highlights that additive transposition might not always be as evident. Therefore, additive effectiveness requires re-evaluation in supramolecular biomaterials when altering the polymer backbone to suit the biomaterial application.

| S-EPMC8252730 | biostudies-literature

Mechanochemical green synthesis of hyper-crosslinked cyclodextrin polymers.

Project description:Cyclodextrin nanosponges (CD-NS) are nanostructured crosslinked polymers made up of cyclodextrins. The reactive hydroxy groups of CDs allow them to act as multifunctional monomers capable of crosslinking to bi- or multifunctional chemicals. The most common NS synthetic pathway consists in dissolving the chosen CD and an appropriate crosslinker in organic polar aprotic liquids (e.g., N,N-dimethylformamide or dimethyl sulfoxide), which affect the final result, especially for potential biomedical applications. This article describes a new, green synthetic pathway through mechanochemistry, in particular via ball milling and using 1,1-carbonyldiimidazole as the crosslinker. The polymer obtained exhibited the same characteristics as a CD-based carbonate NS synthesized in a solvent. Moreover, after the synthesis, the polymer was easily functionalized through the reaction of the nucleophilic carboxylic group with three different organic dyes (fluorescein, methyl red, and rhodamine B) and the still reactive imidazoyl carbonyl group of the NS.

| S-EPMC7356557 | biostudies-literature

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