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The HDAC/HSP90 Inhibitor G570 Attenuated Blue Light-Induced Cell Migration in RPE Cells and Neovascularization in Mice through Decreased VEGF Production.

ABSTRACT: Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) occurs due to an abnormality of retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) cells that leads to gradual degeneration of the macula. Currently, AMD drug pipelines are endowed with limited options, and anti-VEGF agents stand as the dominantly employed therapy. Despite the proven efficacy of such agents, the evidenced side effects associated with their use underscore the need to elucidate other mechanisms involved and identify additional molecular targets for the sake of therapy improvement. The previous literature provided us with a solid rationale to preliminarily explore the potential of selective HDAC6 and HSP90 inhibitors to treat wet AMD. Rather than furnishing single-target agents (either HDAC6 or HSP90 inhibitor), this study recruited scaffolds endowed with the ability to concomitantly modulate both targets (HDAC6 and HSP90) for exploration. This plan was anticipated to accomplish the important goal of extracting amplified benefits via dual inhibition (HDAC6/HSP90) in wet AMD. As a result, G570 (indoline-based hydroxamate), a dual selective HDAC6-HSP90 inhibitor exerting its effects at micromolar concentrations, was pinpointed in the present endeavor to attenuate blue light-induced cell migration and retinal neovascularization by inhibiting VEGF production. In addition to the identification of a potential chemical tool (G570), the outcome of this study validates the candidate HDAC6-HSP90 as a compelling target for the development of futuristic therapeutics for wet AMD.

SUBMITTER: Hsu TJ

PROVIDER: S-EPMC8305912 | biostudies-literature |

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Project description:Inflammation, oxidative stress, and angiogenesis have been proposed to interact in age-related macular degeneration. It has been postulated that external stimuli that cause oxidative stress can increase production of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells. In this study, we tested the hypothesis that the inflammatory cytokine, tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-?), contributed to choroidal neovascularization (CNV) by upregulating VEGF in RPE through intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS)-dependent signaling and sought to understand the mechanisms involved.In a murine laser-induced CNV model, 7 days after laser treatment and intravitreal neutralizing mouse TNF-? antibody or isotype immunoglobulin G (IgG) control, the following measurements were made: 1) TNF-? protein and VEGF protein in RPE/choroids with western blot, 2) CNV volume in RPE/choroidal flatmounts, and 3) semiquantification of oxidized phospholipids stained with E06 antibody within CNV with immunohistochemistry (IHC). In cultured human RPE cells treated with TNF-? or PBS control, 1) ROS generation was measured using the 2',7'-dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate (DCFDA) fluorescence assay, and 2) NOX4 protein and VEGF protein or mRNA were measured with western blot or quantitative real-time PCR in cells pretreated with apocynin or nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate-oxidase (NADPH) inhibitor, VAS 2870, or transfected with p22phox siRNA, and each was compared to its appropriate control. Western blots of phosphorylated p65 (p-p65), total p65 and ?-actin, and quantitative real-time PCR of VEGF mRNA were measured in human RPE cells treated with TNF-? and pretreatment with the nuclear factor kappa B inhibitor, Bay 11-7082 or control. Western blots of ?-catenin, VEGF, and p22phox and coimmunoprecipitation of ?-catenin and T-cell transcriptional factor were performed in human RPE cells treated with TNF-? following pretreatment with ?-catenin transcriptional inhibitors, XAV939 or JW67, or transfection with p22phox siRNA and compared to appropriate controls.Compared to the non-lasered control, TNF-? and VEGF protein were increased in the RPE/choroids in a murine laser-induced CNV model (p<0.05). An intravitreal neutralizing antibody to mouse TNF-? reduced CNV volume, and VEGF protein in the RPE/choroids (p<0.01) and oxidized phospholipids within CNV compared to IgG control (p<0.05). In cultured RPE cells and compared to controls, TNF-? induced ROS generation and increased activation of NOX4, an isoform of NADPH oxidase; both were prevented by pretreatment with the apocynin or VAS2870 or knockdown of p22phox, a subunit of NADPH oxidase. TNF-? treatment increased VEGF expression (p<0.001) and the formation of a transcriptional complex of ?-catenin and T-cell transcriptional factor; both were prevented by pretreatment with apocynin or knockdown of p22phox. Inhibition of ?-catenin by XAV939, but not the nuclear factor kappa B inhibitor, Bay 11-7082, prevented TNF-?-induced VEGF upregulation.Our results support the thinking that TNF-? contributes to CNV by upregulating VEGF production in RPE cells through ROS-dependent activation of ?-catenin signaling. These results provide mechanisms of crosstalk between inflammatory mediator, TNF-?, and ROS in RPE cells.

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The HDAC/HSP90 Inhibitor G570 Attenuated Blue Light-Induced Cell Migration in RPE Cells and Neovascularization in Mice through Decreased VEGF Production.

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