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Field Assessment of the Host Range of Aculus mosoniensis (Acari: Eriophyidae), a Biological Control Agent of the Tree of Heaven (Ailanthus altissima).

ABSTRACT: Tree of heaven (Ailanthus altissima) is a fast-growing deciduous tree native to China, considered a serious invasive species worldwide, with several socio-economic and ecological impacts attributed to it. Chemical and mechanical methods have limited efficacy in its management, and biological controls may offer a suitable and sustainable option. Aculus mosoniensis (Ripka) is an eriophyid mite that has been recorded to attack tree of heaven in 13 European countries. This study aims to explore the host range of this mite by exposing 13 plant species, selected either for their phylogenetic and ecological similarity to the target weed or their economic importance. Shortly after inoculation with the mite, we recorded a quick decrease in mite number on all nontarget species and no sign of mite reproduction. Whereas, after just one month, the population of mites on tree of heaven numbered in the thousands, irrespective of the starting population, and included both adults and juveniles. Significantly, we observed evidence of damage due to the mite only on target plants. Due to the specificity, strong impact on the target, and the ability to increase its population to high levels in a relatively short amount of time, we find A. mosoniensis to be a very promising candidate for the biological control of tree of heaven.

SUBMITTER: Marini F

PROVIDER: S-EPMC8306617 | biostudies-literature |

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Further pathogenicity testing of Verticillium nonalfalfae, a biocontrol agent against the invasive Tree of Heaven (Ailanthus altissima), on non-target tree species in Europe

Project description:Verticillium nonalfalfae is an effective biological control agent against the highly invasive Tree of Heaven (Ailanthus altissima) in Europe, and previous research on ten economically and ecologically important tree species occurring in Austria have so far not revealed undesired non-target effects. In this study, another nine tree species including five native, two non-native as well as two invasive alien tree species were tested for susceptibility to the particular strain of V. nonalfalfae (Vert56) used for biological control of A. altissima. Stem inoculations on potted seedlings revealed that this strain of V. nonalfalfae is generally host-adapted to A. altissima. It induced chlorosis, necrosis and wilting already within two weeks post inoculation on A. altissima and resulted in almost completely defoliated or dead seedlings at the end of the vegetation period. Apart from two species (Quercus rubra and Sorbus aucuparia), that suffered from other abiotic/biotic agents, no mortality was observed on all other tree species tested; however, symptoms caused by other abiotic factors were also found on Prunus avium and Ulmus glabra. All tested tree species exhibited vascular discolorations and the fungus could be re-isolated at varying frequencies (6—100%) from inoculated seedlings of all non-target tree species, although five of these species exhibited no external symptoms. Results confirmed high susceptibility (S) of A. altissima to V. nonalfalfae, whereas Acer platanoides, Castanea sativa, Q. rubra, S. aucuparia and U. glabra were considered as tolerant (T), and A. negundo, P. avium, P. serotina and Q. petraea were rated as possible resistant (PR) due to the low rates of re-isolation. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s12600-022-01032-z.

| S-EPMC9638367 | biostudies-literature

The Complete Chloroplast Genome Sequence of Tree of Heaven (Ailanthus altissima (Mill.) (Sapindales: Simaroubaceae), an Important Pantropical Tree.

Project description:Ailanthus altissima (Mill.) Swingle (Simaroubaceae) is a deciduous tree widely distributed throughout temperate regions in China, hence suitable for genetic diversity and evolutionary studies. Previous studies in A. altissima have mainly focused on its biological activities, genetic diversity and genetic structure. However, until now there is no published report regarding genome of this plant species or Simaroubaceae family. Therefore, in this paper, we first characterized A. altissima complete chloroplast genome sequence. The tree of heaven chloroplast genome was found to be a circular molecule 160,815 base pairs (bp) in size and possess a quadripartite structure. The A. altissima chloroplast genome contains 113 unique genes of which 79 and 30 are protein coding and transfer RNA (tRNA) genes respectively and also 4 ribosomal RNA genes (rRNA) with overall GC content of 37.6%. Microsatellite marker detection identified A/T mononucleotides as majority SSRs in all the seven analyzed genomes. Repeat analyses of seven Sapindales revealed a total of 49 repeats in A. altissima, Rhus chinensis, Dodonaea viscosa, Leitneria floridana, while Azadirachta indica, Boswellia sacra, and Citrus aurantiifolia had a total of 48 repeats. The phylogenetic analysis using protein coding genes revealed that A. altissima is a sister to Leitneria floridana and also suggested that Simaroubaceae is a sister to Rutaceae family. The genome information reported here could be further applied for evolution and invasion, population genetics, and molecular studies in this plant species and family.

| S-EPMC5979363 | biostudies-literature

Identification of early quassinoid biosynthesis in the invasive tree of heaven (<i>Ailanthus altissima</i>) confirms evolutionary origin from protolimonoids.

Project description:The tree of heaven, Ailanthus altissima (MILL.) SWINGLE, is a globally invasive plant known to secrete allelopathic metabolites called quassinoids. Quassinoids are highly modified triterpenoids. So far, nothing has been known about the biochemical basis of quassinoid biosynthesis. Here, based on transcriptome and metabolome data of Ailanthus altissima, we present the first three steps of quassinoid biosynthesis, which are catalysed by an oxidosqualene cyclase and two cytochrome P450 monooxygenases, resulting in the formation of the protolimonoid melianol. Strikingly, these steps are identical to the first steps of the biosynthesis of limonoids, structurally different triterpenoids from sister plant families within the same order Sapindales. Our results are therefore not only important to fully understand the biosynthesis of complex triterpenoids in plants, but also confirm the long-standing hypothesis that quassinoids and limonoids share an evolutionary origin. In addition, our transcriptome data for Ailanthus altissima will be beneficial to other researchers investigating the physiology and ecology of this invasive tree.

| S-EPMC9445810 | biostudies-literature

A novel triterpenoid isolated from the root bark of Ailanthus excelsa Roxb (Tree of Heaven), AECHL-1 as a potential anti-cancer agent.

Project description:BackgroundWe report here the isolation and characterization of a new compound Ailanthus excelsa chloroform extract-1 (AECHL-1) (C(29)H(36)O(10); molecular weight 543.8) from the root bark of Ailanthus excelsa Roxb. The compound possesses anti-cancer activity against a variety of cancer cell lines of different origin.Principal findingsAECHL-1 treatment for 12 to 48 hr inhibited cell proliferation and induced death in B16F10, MDA-MB-231, MCF-7, and PC3 cells with minimum growth inhibition in normal HEK 293. The antitumor effect of AECHL-1 was comparable with that of the conventional antitumor drugs paclitaxel and cisplatin. AECHL-1-induced growth inhibition was associated with S/G(2)-M arrests in MDA-MB-231, MCF-7, and PC3 cells and a G(1) arrest in B16F10 cells. We observed microtubule disruption in MCF-7 cells treated with AECHL-1 in vitro. Compared with control, subcutaneous injection of AECHL-1 to the sites of tumor of mouse melanoma B16F10 implanted in C57BL/6 mice and human breast cancer MCF-7 cells in athymic nude mice resulted in significant decrease in tumor volume. In B16F10 tumors, AECHL-1 at 50 microg/mouse/day dose for 15 days resulted in increased expression of tumor suppressor proteins P53/p21, reduction in the expression of the oncogene c-Myc, and downregulation of cyclin D1 and cdk4. Additionally, AECHL-1 treatment resulted in the phosphorylation of p53 at serine 15 in B16F10 tumors, which seems to exhibit p53-dependent growth inhibitory responses.ConclusionsThe present data demonstrate the activity of a triterpenoid AECHL-1 which possess a broad spectrum of activity against cancer cells. We propose here that AECHL-1 is a futuristic anti-cancer drug whose therapeutic potential needs to be widely explored for chemotherapy against cancer.

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Data on samara morphology and wind dispersal in the invasive tree <i>Ailanthus altissima</i>.

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| S-EPMC6811984 | biostudies-literature

A New Canthinone-Type Alkaloid Isolated from Ailanthus altissima Swingle.

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| S-EPMC6273678 | biostudies-literature

Nine eriophyoid mite species from Iran (Acari, Eriophyidae).

Project description:Nine eriophyoid mites, including two new species and five new records, from Iran are described and illustrated. They are Aceria acroptiloni Shevchenko & Kacalev, 1974, rec. n. on Rhaponticum repens (L.) Hidalgo (Asteraceae); Aceria anthocoptes (Nalepa, 1892), rec. n. on Cirsium arvense (L.) Scop. (Asteraceae); Aceria lactucae (Canestrini, 1893), rec. n. on Lactuca virosa L. (Asteraceae); Aceria pulicarissp. n. on Pulicaria gnaphalodes (Vent.) Boiss. (Asteraceae); Aceria tosichella Keifer, 1969 on Setaria viridis (L.) Beauv. (Poaceae); Eriophyes rotundae Mohanasundaram, 1983 on Cyperus rotundus L. (Cyperaceae); Aculops maroccensis Keifer, 1972, rec. n. on Mentha piperita L. (Lamiaceae); Aculus medicagersp. n. on Medicago sativa L. (Leguminosae); Tetra lycopersici Xue & Hong, 2005, rec. n. on Solanum nigrum L. (Solanaceae).

| S-EPMC3208532 | biostudies-literature

Phenylpropionamides, Piperidine, and Phenolic Derivatives from the Fruit of Ailanthus altissima.

Project description:Four novel compounds-two phenylpropionamides, one piperidine, and one phenolic derivatives-were isolated and identified from the fruit of a medicinal plant, Ailanthus altissima (Mill.) Swingle (Simaroubaceae), together with one known phenylpropionamide, 13 known phenols, and 10 flavonoids. The structures of the new compounds were elucidated as 2-hydroxy-N-[(2-O-?-d-glucopyranosyl)phenyl]propionamide (1), 2-hydroxy-N-[(2-O-?-d-glucopyranosyl-(1?6)-?-d-glucopyranosyl)phenyl]propionamide (2), 2?-carboxyl-piperidine-4?-acetic acid methyl ester (4), and 4-hydroxyphenyl-1-O-[6-(hydrogen-3-hydroxy-3-methylpentanedioate)]-?-d-glucopyranoside (5) based on spectroscopic analysis. All the isolated compounds were evaluated for their inhibitory activity against Tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) using the leaf-disc method. Among the compounds isolated, arbutin (6), ?-d-glucopyranosyl-(1?6)-arbutin (7), 4-methoxyphenylacetic acid (10), and corilagin (18) showed moderate inhibition against TMV with IC50 values of 0.49, 0.51, 0.27, and 0.45 mM, respectively.

| S-EPMC6149757 | biostudies-literature

Genome Sequence of a Lethal Vascular Wilt Fungus, Verticillium nonalfalfae, a Biological Control Used Against the Invasive Ailanthus altissima.

Project description:Verticillium nonalfalfae, a cosmopolitan soil-borne phytopathogen, causes vascular wilt in agricultural crops and perennial woody plants. Select strains of V. nonalfalfae can cause lethal disease in the invasive tree Ailanthus altissima and several have since been utilized as a biological control (biocontrol) against this widespread invader. Here, we report the genome sequence and annotation of V. nonalfalfae strain VnAa140/NRRL 66861.

| S-EPMC6346206 | biostudies-literature

How does ultrasound contribute to the migration of extractives inside Ailanthus altissima wood?

Project description:Extractives have an impact on the processing and commercial value of wood. Ultrasound is an environmentally friendly technology commonly employed to reduce the extractive content and thus enhance the permeability of wood. This study aimed to understand the migration mechanism of extractives inside wood during ultrasonic treatment, which may help to obtain the desired wood properties. The extractive distribution of Ailanthus altissima was observed by using stereo microscopy, optical microscopy, and scanning electron microscopy, the extractive content was determined, and the relationship between the concentration of water-soluble extractives and absorbance was measured using a UV/Vis spectrophotometer, and the migration model of extractives was studied using layered extraction by innovatively combining the weight and the absorbance methods. The results revealed that the extractives were predominantly distributed in the vessels and diminished after ultrasonic treatment. The extractive content gradually decreased over time (0 ∼ 5 h), with a rapid decline observed within the first 2 h. The concentration of the water-soluble extractives exhibited a proportional relationship with the absorbance. Through the comparison of the layered-extractive concentration, accumulating evidence suggested that the migration of the extractives was a dynamic process, which included the extractives migrating towards easy-extracted area, moving along the direction of ultrasound propagation inside the wood, and leaching out of wood during ultrasonic treatment.

| S-EPMC10711486 | biostudies-literature

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