Multilocus Genotyping of Giardia duodenalis Occurring in Korean Native Calves.
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ABSTRACT:
SUBMITTER: Oh SI
PROVIDER: S-EPMC8310109 | biostudies-literature |
REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature
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Project description:BackgroundGiardia duodenalis is an important protozoan parasite. It is an established zoonotic pathogen and dairy calves have been implicated as one of the most important sources of human infection. This study was conducted to assess the prevalence and multilocus genotyping of G. duodenalis in dairy calves in the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region, northwestern China.FindingsA total of 514 fresh fecal samples were randomly collected from dairy calves in 15 farms in Xinjiang, 13.4 % (69/514) tested positive for G. duodenalis by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) detection of the small subunit ribosomal RNA (SSU rRNA) gene, with the prevalence being 9.7 % (23/237) and 16.6 % (46/277) in pre- and post-weaned calves, respectively. Sequence analysis of the SSU rRNA gene predominantly detected G. duodenalis assemblage E (92.8 %, 64/69), whereas assemblage A was identified in five samples (7.2 %, 5/69). All G. duodenalis-positive samples were assayed with PCR followed by sequencing at β-giardin (bg), glutamate dehydrogenase (gdh) and triosephosphate isomerase (tpi) genes, and 29, 37 and 33 sequences were obtained, respectively. The presence of mixed G. duodenalis assemblage A and E was detected in only one sample. Multilocus genotyping yielded 15 multilocus genotypes (MLGs), one new assemblage A MLG, and 14 assemblage E MLGs. All assemblage E MLGs identified here differed genetically from those of cattle from Henan Province, Central China.ConclusionsOur data indicate that G. duodenalis is a common parasite in dairy calves in Xinjiang, China, and calves appear to be a reservoir of G. duodenalis that is infectious to humans. The differences in the distribution of G. duodenalis assemblage E MLGs from cattle were likely to be because of geographical segregation.
| S-EPMC5064801 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Giardia duodenalis is a zoonotic parasitic protist and poses a threat to human and animal health. This study investigated the occurrence of G. duodenalis infection in post-weaned calves from Sichuan province, China. Faecal samples were collected from a total of 306 post-weaned calves (3-12 months old) from 10 farms, including 4 intensive feeding farms and 6 free-ranging farms. The overall infection rate of G. duodenalis was 41.2% (126/306) based on the PCR results at any of the three genetic loci: beta-giardin (bg), triose-phosphate isomerase (tpi) and glutamate dehydrogenase (gdh) genes. Giardia duodenalis assemblages E (n = 115, 91.3%), A (n = 3, 2.4%), and A mixed with E (n = 8, 6.3%) were identified among the 126 positive specimens. Multilocus sequence typing of G. duodenalis revealed 34 assemblage E multilocus genotypes (MLGs), 1 assemblage A MLG and 7 mixed assemblage (A and E) MLGs. The eBURST data showed a high degree of genetic diversity within assemblage E MLGs. The phylogenetic tree revealed that MLG E3 was the primary MLG subtype in Sichuan province and also the most widely distributed in China.
| S-EPMC6827885 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Giardia duodenalis is a protozoan parasite that infects humans, companion animals, livestock, and wildlife. Infections in cattle caused by this parasite are often asymptomatic, but such infections can cause diarrhea, reduced weight gain, and ill-thrift in young calves. Although G. duodenalis causes diarrhea in calves, only a few studies have been conducted on calves in the Republic of Korea (ROK). Here, we aimed to determine the prevalence and distribution of G. duodenalis assemblages in pre-weaned calves with diarrhea in the ROK, identify the association between the occurrence of G. duodenalis and the age of calf, and perform molecular characterization of G. duodenalis. We collected 455 fecal samples from pre-weaned native Korean calves (≤60 days old) with diarrhea in four different regions. G. duodenalis was detected using nested PCR targeting the beta-giardin (bg) gene, and positive samples were further genotyped for the glutamate dehydrogenase (gdh) and triosephosphate isomerase (tpi) genes. The overall prevalence of G. duodenalis in calves with diarrhea was 4.4% (20/455) based on the analysis of bg. The highest prevalence was observed in calves aged 11-30 days (7.5%; 95% confidence interval: 3.7%-11.3%), whereas the lowest prevalence was observed in neonatal calves. From the 20 samples that were positive for bg, 16, 5, and 6 sequences were obtained following genotyping of bg, gdh, and tpi, respectively. Sequencing analysis of the bg gene revealed the presence of assemblage E (n = 15) and sub-assemblage AⅠ (n = 1) in the samples. Moreover, we detected mixed infections with assemblages E and A in two calves for the first time. Among the sequences obtained herein, two new subtypes of assemblage E were detected in gdh and tpi sequences each. The results suggest that G. duodenalis is an infectious agent causing diarrhea in calves, and pre-weaned calves are at a higher risk of infection than neonatal calves. Multilocus genotyping should be performed to confirm the presence of potentially zoonotic genotypes. These results highlight the importance of cattle as a source of zoonotic transmission of G. duodenalis to humans.
| S-EPMC9838842 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Giardia duodenalis is one of the main enteric pathogens associated with diarrheal disease. In developing countries, giardiasis is a major public health concern, particularly in children under five years of age. This study aimed to evaluate the occurrence and genetic diversity of G. duodenalis causing human infections in Shushtar County, Southwestern Iran. Individual faecal specimens were collected from 1,163 individuals (male/female ratio: 0.9; age range 2-75 years) with (n = 258) and without (n = 905) gastrointestinal symptoms living in rural and urban settings during the period 2017-2018. Conventional (sucrose flotation and microscopy) methods were used for the initial detection of G. duodenalis cysts in faecal specimens. Microscopy-positive samples were confirmed by PCR amplification and sequencing of the small subunit rRNA (ssu rRNA) gene of the parasite. A multilocus genotyping (MLG) scheme targeting the triose phosphate isomerase (tpi), the glutamate dehydrogenase (gdh), and the beta-giardin (bg) genes was used for genotyping purposes. Giardia duodenalis cysts were detected in 7.7% (90/1,163) of samples by microscopy, of which 82 were confirmed by ssu-PCR. Successful amplification and sequencing results were obtained for 23.2% (19/82), 9.8% (8/82), and 8.5% (7/82) of the confirmed samples at the tpi, gdh, and bg loci, respectively. MLG data for the three loci were available for two samples only. Out of the 24 samples genotyped at any loci, 50% (12/24) were identified as assemblage A and the remaining half as assemblage B. Overall, AII was the most prevalent sub-assemblage detected (41.7%, 10/24), followed by BIII (25.0%, 6/24), discordant BIII/BIV (5/24) or AII/AIII (2/24) sequences, and BIV (1/24). No significant correlation was demonstrated between a given assemblage/sub-assemblage and the occurrence of clinical symptoms. No genotypes adapted to animal hosts other than humans (e.g. assemblages C-F) were found circulating in the investigated human population, suggesting that transmission of human giardiasis in this Iranian region is primarily of anthroponotic nature. Further molecular-based studies are needed to confirm and expand these results, and to ascertain the presence and public health relevance of the parasite in environmental (e.g. drinking water) samples.
| S-EPMC7004373 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Giardia duodenalis is a common and widespread intestinal protozoan parasite of both humans and animals. Previous epidemiological and molecular studies have identified Giardia infections in different animals and humans, but only limited information is available about the occurrence and genotypes of Giardia in cattle in China. In this study, we determined the occurrence of giardiasis and genetically characterized G. duodenalis in dairy cattle in Henan Province, central China. The overall prevalence of G. duodenalis was 7.2% (128/1777) on microscopic analysis, with the highest infection rate (22.7%) in calves aged less than 1 month. G. duodenalis assemblages and subtypes were identified with multilocus genotyping based on the SSU rRNA, β-giardin (bg), glutamate dehydrogenase (gdh), and triosephosphate isomerase (tpi) genes. Two assemblages were detected in the successfully sequenced samples: assemblage A (n = 58), assemblage E (n = 21), with a mixed E and A assemblage (n = 2). Four novel subtypes of the gdh gene and seven of the bg gene were found among the G. duodenalis assemblage E isolates. Using the nomenclature for the multilocus genotype (MLG) model, nine novel multilocus genotypes E (MLGs E1-E9) and three MLGs A (a novel subtype AI, previously detected subtype AII-1, and a combination of both) were identified. MLG AII-1 identified in this study may be an important zoonotic subtype. The dairy cattle in Henan are a potential public health concern.
| S-EPMC4074110 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Giardia duodenalis (also known as G. intestinalis) is a flagellated protozoan that parasitizes the small intestine and is a common causal agent of zoonotic infections in humans and animals. To assess the genetic diversity and zoonotic transmission potential of G. duodenalis in stray dogs, 159 fecal specimens were collected from dogs in Chengdu, Yaan, and Leshan in Sichuan province, China. Of the 159 fecal samples from stray dogs, 18 (11.3%) were G. duodenalis-positive based on nested PCR amplification of the beta giardin (bg) gene, and the occurrence varied from 1.8% to 35% in different cities. Dog-specific assemblages C (n = 9) and D (n = 9) were identified. The glutamate dehydrogenase (gdh) and triosephosphate isomerase (tpi) genes of all bg-positive isolates were characterized. A total of 16 and 8 isolates were positive for the gdh and tpi genes, respectively. Two novel sequences of the bg locus were detected among genetic assemblage D isolates, and one novel gdh sequence and four novel tpi sequences were identified among genetic assemblage C isolates. Mixed infections of assemblages C and D were also detected. Assemblages A and B, which have high zoonotic potential, were not detected. Our results show that G. duodenalis is prevalent and a cause of diarrhea in dogs in Sichuan province, China.
| S-EPMC5541510 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Giardia duodenalis is a common intestinal parasite in humans and other mammals, and it causes major public and veterinary health problems worldwide. China is a major pig-raising country, and studies on Giardia in pigs have important public health significance. The present study was conducted to investigate the prevalence of Giardia and assess its genetic characterization. A total of 93 samples were collected from two farms in Shanghai. The presence of Giardia was determined using PCR and sequence analysis of glutamate dehydrogenase, beta-giardin and triose phosphate isomerase genes. The average prevalence of G. duodenalis infection was 26.88% (25/93) in the pigs, with 28.13% (18/64) in farm 1 vs 24.14% (7/29) in farm 2. All the PCR-positive products were successfully sequenced, and assemblage E was more prevalent. Zoonotic assemblages A and B and canine-specific assemblage C were identified in farm 1, whereas, only assemblage E was detected in farm 2. Interestingly, two pig isolates showed 100% homology with human-derived isolates from Australia and China at the bg and tpi loci respectively. Pigs infected with Giardia infect humans by polluting the environment; whether pigs are a potential environmental source of the human pathogen in China requires more epidemiological data.
| S-EPMC6682543 | biostudies-literature
Project description:BackgroundGiardiasis, caused by Giardia duodenalis (syn. Giardia intestinalis, Giardia lamblia), is a significant zoonotic parasitic disease of animals and humans worldwide. Accurate genotyping of G. duodenalis is essential for efficient control and management of giardiasis. The objectives of the present study were to investigate the prevalence and assemblages of giardiasis in pigs in Shaanxi Province, northwestern China, and for the first time study multilocus genotypes (MLGs) in pigs using multilocus genotyping technology in this region.ResultsOf 560 faecal samples collected from five farms in Shaanxi Province, 45 were positive for G. duodenalis and significant differences in prevalence were observed among different locations. Differences in prevalence were also detected in pigs of different age groups, with the highest prevalence in sows and the lowest in boars. Two assemblages, A and E, were identified, and a mixed infection of both A and E was identified in one faecal sample. Assemblage E was predominant and widely distributed in all investigated areas and age groups. Genetic viability was detected for both assemblages, and four different multi-locus genotypes (MLGs) within assemblage E were found, MLGE1-MLGE4.ConclusionsGiardia duodenalis was detected in pigs from Shaanxi Province, northwestern China, and genetic diversity was observed in these infections. Both assemblages A and E were detected, and four distinct MLGs within assemblage E were identified. These findings provide new data for controlling G. duodenalis infection in pigs.
| S-EPMC5645933 | biostudies-literature
Project description:BackgroundGiardia duodenalis is the etiologic agent of giardiasis in humans and other mammals worldwide. The burden of disease is high among children in developing countries where sanitation is inadequate. However, the epidemiology and genetic diversity of this parasite is poorly understood in Ethiopia. This study aimed to determine the prevalence and genetic diversity of G. duodenalis in asymptomatic children in Oromia Special Zone, central Ethiopia.ResultsA total of 286 fresh fecal specimens were collected from children and screened using microscopy and PCR. The prevalence of Giardia duodenalis was 10.8 % (31/286) and 16.8 % (48/286) as detected by microscopy and nested PCR, respectively. The infection rate by the study area, sex and age group difference was not significant (P > 0.05). Genotyping results showed that 22.9 % (11/48) of the isolates belonged to assemblage A while 77.1 % (37/48) belonged to assemblage B. Although double peaks were observed at the chromatogram level, no mixed assemblage or sub-assemblage infections were demonstrated. Isolates of assemblage A mostly belonged to the sub-assemblage AII and showed similarity with previously described isolates. However, there was great genetic variability within assemblage B that showed heterogeneous nucleotide positions. Fifteen of them were new genotypes: 5 at the triose phosphate isomerase (tpi), 2 at the β-giardin (bg), and 8 at the glutamate dehydrogenase (gdh) genes.ConclusionsGiardia duodenalis mainly assemblage B infection was predominant among the asymptomatic children in the study area. The high polymorphism found in isolates of assemblage B warrants a more defining tool to discriminate assemblage B at the sub-assemblage level. The findings of the present study indicate that there is a need to carry out national screening programs aiming to detect asymptomatic infections to minimize the reservoir of the disease.
| S-EPMC4875739 | biostudies-literature
Project description:ObjectivesThe present study reports the multilocus genotyping of Giardia duodenalis isolates from cats maintained in breeding catteries in Japan and discusses their potential for zoonotic transmission.MethodsA total of 41 faecal samples positive for Giardia-specific antigen were procured from cats maintained in five breeding catteries and subjected to PCR to amplify four gene loci, namely small subunit ribosomal RNA (SSU rRNA), glutamate dehydrogenase (gdh), beta-giardin (bg) and triose phosphate isomerase (tpi ). The PCR-amplified DNA fragments were sequenced to determine the G duodenalis genotypes (synonym for assemblages).ResultsThe most commonly occurring single assemblage was assemblage F (68.3%; n = 28/41), followed by assemblage A (12.2%; n = 5/41) and assemblage C (2.4%; n = 1/41). The mixed assemblages were identified as follows: assemblages F and A (9.8%; n = 4/41), assemblages F and C (4.9%; n = 2/41) and assemblages C and D (2.4%; n = 1/41). Additional sub-genotyping of assemblage A isolates based on three of the sequenced loci (gdh, bg and tpi ) revealed that all eight isolates were identified as sub-assemblage AI and/or AII.Conclusions and relevanceThe present study is the first to report the detection of dog-adapted assemblages C and D in feline isolates from Japan. In addition, zoonotic sub-assemblage AI and human-adapted sub-assemblage AII were also identified. Thus, we concluded that the risk of transmission of G duodenalis from breeding cattery cats to humans is considerable and cannot be ignored.
| S-EPMC5731622 | biostudies-literature