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Complete Embolic Protection of the Cerebral Arteries: TAVI Despite Large Left Ventricular Thrombus.

ABSTRACT: The presence of a left ventricular (LV) thrombus is considered an absolute contraindication to transcatheter aortic valve implantation (TAVI) because of the very high embolic risk. We report a case of TAVI under complete protection of the cerebral arteries in a patient with a large LV thrombus, severely impaired LV function, and no surgical options. (Level of Difficulty: Beginner.).

SUBMITTER: Mierke J

PROVIDER: S-EPMC8311951 | biostudies-literature |

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Project description:BACKGROUND:Late gadolinium enhancement (LGE) cardiovascular magnetic resonance (CMR) imaging is more sensitive than echocardiography for the detection of intracardiac thrombus because of its unique ability to identify thrombus based on tissue characteristics related to avascularity. The long-term prognostic significance of left ventricular (LV) thrombus detected by LGE CMR is unknown. METHODS:We performed a matched cohort study of consecutive adult patients with LV thrombus detected by LGE CMR who were matched on the date of CMR, age, and LV ejection fraction to up to 3 patients without LV thrombus. We investigated the long-term incidence of a composite of embolic events: stroke, transient ischemic attack, or extracranial systemic arterial embolism. We also compared outcomes among patients with LV thrombus detected by LGE CMR stratified by whether the LV thrombus was also detected by echocardiography or not. RESULTS:Of 157 LV thrombus patients, 155 were matched to 400 non-LV thrombus patients. During a median follow-up of 3.3 years, the cumulative incidence of embolism was significantly higher in LV thrombus patients compared with the matched non-LV thrombus patients (P<0.001), with annualized rates of 3.7% and 0.8% for LV thrombus and matched non-LV thrombus patients, respectively. LV thrombus was the only independent predictor of the composite embolic end point (hazard ratio, 3.99 [95% CI, 1.54-10.35]; P=0.004). The cumulative incidence of embolism was not different in patients with LV thrombus that was also detected by echocardiography versus patients with LV thrombus not detected by echocardiography (P=0.25). CONCLUSIONS:Despite contemporary antithrombotic treatment, LV thrombus detected by LGE CMR is associated with a 4-fold higher long-term incidence of embolism compared with matched non-LV thrombus patients. LV thrombus detected by LGE CMR but not by echocardiography is associated with a similar risk of embolism as that detected by both LGE CMR and echocardiography.

Project description:Left ventricular thrombus (LVT) is a serious complication of acute myocardial infarction (MI) and also non-ischemic cardiomyopathies. We performed a narrative literature review, manual-search of reference lists of included articles and relevant reviews. Our literature review indicates that the incidence of LVT following acute MI has decreased, probably due to improvement in patient care as a result of better and earlier reperfusion techniques. Predictors of LVT include anterior MI, involvement of left ventricular (LV) apex (regardless of the coronary territory affected), LV akinesis or dyskinesis, reduced LV ejection fraction (LVEF), severe diastolic dysfunction and large infarct size. LVT is associated with increased risk of systemic embolism, stroke, cardiovascular events and death, and there is evidence that anticoagulant therapy for at least 3 months can reduce the risk of these events. Cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) has the highest diagnostic accuracy for LVT, followed by echocardiography with the use of echocardiographic contrast agents (ECAs). Although current guidelines suggest use of vitamin K antagonist (VKA) for a minimum of 3 to 6 months, there is growing evidence of the benefits of direct acting oral anticoagulants in treatment of LVT. Embolic events appear to occur even after resolution of LVT suggesting that anticoagulant therapy needs to be considered for a longer period in some cases. Recommendations for the use of triple therapy in the presence of the LVT are mostly based on extrapolation from outcome data in patients with atrial fibrillation (AF) and MI. We conclude that the presence of LVT is more likely in patients with anterior ST-segment elevation MI (STEMI) (involving the apex) and reduced ejection fraction (EF). LVT should be considered a marker of increased long-term thrombotic risk that may persist even after thrombus resolution. Ongoing clinical trials are expected to elucidate the best management strategies for patients with LVT.

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Complete Embolic Protection of the Cerebral Arteries: TAVI Despite Large Left Ventricular Thrombus.

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