The risk of Alzheimer's disease according to dynamic changes in metabolic health and obesity: a nationwide population-based cohort study.
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ABSTRACT:
SUBMITTER: Cho YK
PROVIDER: S-EPMC8312469 | biostudies-literature |
REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature
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Project description:BACKGROUND:We aimed to investigate the hazard of hospitalization for heart failure (hHF) according to the transitions in metabolic health and obesity status. METHODS:The Korean National Health Insurance Service datasets from 2002 to 2017 were used for this nationwide, longitudinal, population-based study. The hazard of hHF was analyzed according to the eight groups stratified by stability in metabolic health and transition in obesity status among initially metabolically healthy adults who underwent two cycles of health examinations in 2009-2010 and 2013-2014 (N?=?7,148,763). RESULTS:During two examinations, 48.43% of the initially metabolically healthy obese (MHO) individuals and 20.94% of the initially metabolically healthy non-obese (MHNO) individuals showed changes in their metabolic health and obesity status. During a mean follow-up of 3.70 years, 3151 individuals were hospitalized for HF. When stable MHNO individuals were set as the reference, transition to metabolically unhealthy phenotype was associated with an increased hazard of hHF; the hazard ratio (HR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) in the individuals who transformed from MHO to metabolically unhealthy non-obese was 2.033 (1.579-2.616). The constant MHO group had a 17.3% increased hazard of hHF compared with the stable MHNO group [HR (95% CI) 1.173 (1.039-1.325)]. Individuals who shifted from MHO to MHNO showed a 34.3% lower hazard of hHF compared with those who maintained the MHO category [HR (95% CI) 0.657 (0.508-0.849)]. CONCLUSION:Dynamic changes in metabolic health and obesity status were observed during a relatively short interval of 3-5 years. Loss of metabolic health was significantly associated with an increased hazard of hHF. Even if metabolic health was maintained, persistent obesity remained as a risk factor for hHF, and transition from MHO to MHNO had a protective effect against hHF. Therefore, the prevention and control of obesity while maintaining metabolic health would be crucial in preventing hHF.
| S-EPMC7293788 | biostudies-literature
Project description:BMI, metabolic health status, and their interactions should be considered for estimating mortality risk; however, the data are controversial and unknown in Asians. We aimed to investigate this issue in Korean population. Total 323175 adults were followed-up for 96 (60-120) (median [5-95%]) months in a nationwide population-based cohort study. Participants were classified as "obese" (O) or "non-obese" (NO) using a BMI cut-off of 25?kg/m(2). People who developed ?1 metabolic disease component (hypertension, diabetes, dyslipidaemia) in the index year were considered "metabolically unhealthy" (MU), while those with none were considered "metabolically healthy" (MH). The MUNO group had a significantly higher risk of all-cause (hazard ratio, 1.28 [95% CI, 1.21-1.35]) and cardiovascular (1.88 [1.63-2.16]) mortality, whereas the MHO group had a lower mortality risk (all-cause: 0.81 [0.74-0.88]), cardiovascular: 0.73 [0.57-0.95]), compared to the MHNO group. A similar pattern was noted for cancer and other-cause mortality. Metabolically unhealthy status was associated with higher risk of all-cause and cardiovascular mortality regardless of BMI levels, and there was a dose-response relationship between the number of incident metabolic diseases and mortality risk. In conclusion, poor metabolic health status contributed more to mortality than high BMI did, in Korean adults.
| S-EPMC4957204 | biostudies-literature
Project description:BACKGROUND:Metabolically healthy obese (MHO) is regarded as a transient concept. We examined the effect of the dynamic change of metabolic health status on the incidence of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) both in obese and normal weight individuals. METHODS:We analyzed 3,479,514 metabolically healthy subjects aged over 20 years from the Korean National Health Screening Program, who underwent health examination between 2009 and 2010, with a follow-up after 4 years. The relative risk for T2DM incidence until the December 2017 was compared among the four groups: stable metabolically healthy normal weight (MHNW), unstable MHNW, stable MHO, and unstable MHO. RESULTS:During the 4 years, 11.1% of subjects in the MHNW group, and 31.5% in the MHO group converted to a metabolically unhealthy phenotype. In the multivariate adjusted model, the unstable MHO group showed the highest risk of T2DM (hazard ratio [HR], 4.67; 95% confidence interval [CI], 4.58 to 4.77). The unstable MHNW group had a higher risk of T2DM than stable MHO group ([HR, 3.23; 95% CI, 3.16 to 3.30] vs. [HR, 1.81; 95% CI, 1.76 to 1.85]). The stable MHO group showed a higher risk of T2DM than the stable MHNW group. The influence of the transition into a metabolically unhealthy phenotype on T2DM incidence was greater in subjects with aged <65 years, women, and those with weight gain. CONCLUSION:Metabolically healthy phenotype was transient both in normal weight and obese individuals. Maintaining metabolic health was critical for the prevention of T2DM, irrespective of their baseline body mass index.
| S-EPMC6935776 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Aims/introductionWe investigated the risk of incident type 2 diabetes according to the cumulative exposure to obesity or metabolic syndrome (MetS) during annual or biennial health examinations.Materials and methodsThe Korean National Health Insurance Service datasets from 2002 to 2017 were used for this retrospective longitudinal study. The risk for type 2 diabetes was analyzed according to the cumulative exposure to obesity and MetS among individuals who underwent four health examinations from 2009 to 2012 or 2013 (n = 2,851,745).ResultsDuring examinations, 28.56 and 17.86% of the total participants showed fluctuations in metabolic health state and obesity, respectively. During a mean 5.01 years of follow up, 98,950 new type 2 diabetes cases developed. The risk for type 2 diabetes increased with the increase in exposure to MetS (hazard ratio [HR] 2.92, 95% confidence interval [CI] 2.86-2.99; HR 4.96, 95% CI 4.85-5.08; HR 7.46, 95% CI 7.30-7.63; HR 12.24, 95% CI 12.00-12.49 in groups with number of exposures one to four, respectively) and obesity (HR 1.60, 95% CI 1.56-1.65; HR 1.87, 95% CI 1.81-1.92; HR 2.25, 95% CI 2.19-2.31; HR 3.46, 95% CI 3.41-3.51 in groups with number of exposures one to four, respectively), showing a more detrimental effect of cumulative exposure to MetS, when compared with the exposure to obesity.ConclusionsMetabolic health and obesity fluctuated within a relatively short period of 4-5 years. Although the impact was much greater for MetS than for obesity, the cumulative duration of both obesity and MetS was associated with an increased risk of type 2 diabetes in a dose-response manner. Therefore, continuously maintaining metabolic health and normal weight is crucial to prevent incident type 2 diabetes.
| S-EPMC7610118 | biostudies-literature
Project description:BackgroundWe estimated the effect of obesity on the incidence of cardiovascular disease (CVD) and mortality in women according to menopausal status.MethodsWomen aged 40 to 69 years under routine health check-ups provided by the National Health Insurance Service in 2009 were followed up till 2018 (n=2,208,559).ResultsIn premenopausal women, a significant increment of mortality rate was found in underweight and obesity class II (hazard ratio [HR], 1.48; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.31 to 1.67; and HR, 1.25; 95% CI, 1.12 to 1.39) compared to normal body mass index (BMI); overweight and obesity class I did not affect mortality rate. In postmenopausal women, obesity as well as overweight status reduced the risk of mortality compared to normal BMI (HR, 0.86; 95% CI, 0.83 to 0.88; and HR, 0.84; 95% CI, 0.82 to 0.86). By contrast, there was a linear association between CVD and BMI above the normal range irrespective of menopausal status, which was attenuated in diabetic women.ConclusionThe current study replicated the J-shaped relationship between BMI and mortality, being more prominent in the postmenopausal group. The risk of CVD was linearly increased as BMI was increased above the normal range irrespective of menopausal status.
| S-EPMC8566123 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Although obesity is clearly identified as a risk factor for hypertension, the association between its different metabolic phenotypes and hypertension remains unclear. We aimed to investigate this association and compare the degree of association between metabolic health and obesity phenotypes defined by 5 representative criteria and hypertension risk.This study used data from the China Health and Nutrition Survey 2009 wave, and the final analysis included 7632 subjects aged 18 to 85 years with available fasting blood samples and anthropometric measurements. Body mass index was used to define nonobese and obese status in subjects (cut-off value, 25?kg/m), and metabolic health state was respectively defined by 5 published criteria: the Adult Treatment Panel (ATP)-III, the Wildman, the Karelis, the homeostasis model assessment (HOMA), and the fasting blood glucose × triglyceride (TyG) criteria. Subjects were categorized into 4 phenotypes according to their metabolic health and obesity status: metabolically healthy nonobese (MHNO), metabolically unhealthy nonobese (MUNO), metabolically healthy obese (MHO), and metabolically unhealthy obese (MUO).A total of 2171 subjects (28.4% of the study population) had hypertension, and hypertension prevalence was significantly increased as weight increased for both metabolically healthy and metabolically unhealthy subjects. Within the MHO phenotypes, the prevalence ranged from 22.7% to 38.6% according to the Wildman and HOMA criteria, respectively. Compared to the MHNO phenotype, the MHO phenotype had an increased risk of hypertension, and the adjusted odds ratios for hypertension in MHO subjects were 1.94 (95% confidence interval 1.60-2.35) using the ATP-III criteria, 1.98 (1.61-2.43) using the Wildman criteria, 2.37 (1.88-2.99) using the Karelis criteria, 2.26 (1.96-2.61) using the HOMA criteria, and 2.54 (2.14-3.00) using the TyG criteria, respectively. A similar significant pattern was found in the MUO and MUNO phenotypes for risk of hypertension. Furthermore, the MUO phenotype consistently revealed the strongest degree of association with hypertension, following by the MHO and the MUNO phenotype.Both metabolically unhealthy status and obese status contributed to a higher risk of hypertension in Chinese adults. The MHO phenotype was not a benign condition and had substantial risk of hypertension compared to the MHNO phenotype. Thus, metabolic health status and obesity should be monitored together when managing hypertension risk.
| S-EPMC6160160 | biostudies-literature
Project description:BackgroundThe association of the risk of colorectal cancer (CRC) with obesity or obesity-induced metabolic disturbances remains controversial. We assessed the association of metabolic health status with incident CRC among subjects with obesity.MethodsThis study included 319,397 subjects from the Korean National Health Insurance Service-National Health Screening Cohort. Transitions in metabolic health status and obesity were examined during 2009-2010 and 2011-2012. We categorized subjects with obesity into four separate groups according to their dynamic metabolic health status: metabolically healthy obesity (MHO), MHO to metabolically unhealthy obesity (MUO), MUO to MHO, and stable MUO. Subjects were followed up from 2009 to 2015 for incident CRC.ResultsThe stable MHO group showed no increased risk of incident CRC (hazard ratio [HR], 0.97; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.83-1.14). However, the MHO to MUO group had a higher risk of incident CRC than the stable metabolically healthy nonobese (MHNO) group (HR, 1.34; 95% CI, 1.15-1.57). Among patients with MUO at baseline, those in the subgroup who transitioned to MHO group were not at increased risk of CRC (HR, 1.06; 95% CI, 0.91-1.25), whereas those who remained in the stable MUO group had a higher risk of incident CRC than those in the stable MHNO group (HR, 1.29; 95% CI, 1.19-1.41).ConclusionsThe transition of metabolic health was a determining factor for CRC among subjects with obesity. Hence, maintenance or recovery of metabolic health should be addressed to prevent CRC in individuals with obesity.
| S-EPMC7826459 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Obesity has become a pandemic. It is one of the strongest risk-factors of new-onset chronic kidney disease (CKD). However, the effects of obesity and abdominal obesity on the risk of developing CKD in young adults has not been elucidated. From a nationwide health screening database, we included 3,030,884 young adults aged 20-39 years without CKD during a baseline examination in 2009-2010, who could follow up during 2013-2016. Patients were stratified into five levels based on their baseline body mass index (BMI) and six levels based on their waist circumference (WC; 5-cm increments). The primary outcome was the development of CKD. During the follow up, until 2016, 5853 (0.19%) participants developed CKD. Both BMI and WC showed a U-shaped relationship with CKD risk, identifying the cut-off values as a BMI of 21 and WC of 72 cm in young adults. The obesity group (odd ratio [OR] = 1.320, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.247-1.397) and abdominal obesity group (male WC ≥ 90, female WC ≥ 85) (OR = 1.208, 95%CI: 1.332-1.290) showed a higher CKD risk than the non-obesity or non-abdominal obesity groups after adjusting for covariates. In the CKD risk by obesity composite, the obesity displayed by the abdominal obesity group showed the highest CKD risk (OR = 1.502, 95%CI: 1.190-1.895), especially in those under 30 years old. During subgroup analysis, the diabetes mellitus (DM) group with obesity or abdominal obesity paradoxically showed a lower CKD risk compared with the non-obesity or non-abdominal obesity group. Obesity and abdominal obesity are associated with increased risk of developing CKD in young adults but a decreased risk in young adults with diabetes.
| S-EPMC7962022 | biostudies-literature
Project description:To our knowledge, no studies have yet looked at how the risk of developing breast cancer (BC) varies with changes in metabolic syndrome (MetS) status. This study aimed to investigate the association between changes in MetS and subsequent BC occurrence. We enrolled 930,055 postmenopausal women aged 40-74 years who participated in a biennial National Health Screening Program in 2009-2010 and 2011-2012. Participants were categorized into four groups according to change in MetS status during the two-year interval screening: sustained non-MetS, transition to MetS, transition to non-MetS, and sustained MetS. We calculated multivariable-adjusted hazard ratios (aHRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for BC incidence using the Cox proportional hazards models. At baseline, MetS was associated with a significantly increased risk of BC (aHR 1.11, 95% CI 1.06-1.17) and so were all of its components. The risk of BC increased as the number of the components increased (aHR 1.46, 95% CI 1.26-1.61 for women with all five components). Compared to the sustained non-MetS group, the aHR (95% CI) for BC was 1.11 (1.04-1.19) in the transition to MetS group, 1.05 (0.96-1.14) in the transition to non-MetS group, and 1.18 (1.12-1.25) in the sustained MetS group. Significantly increased BC risk was observed in the sustained MetS and transition to MetS groups. These findings are clinically meaningful in that efforts to recover from MetS may lead to reduced risk of BC.
| S-EPMC7967214 | biostudies-literature
Project description:BackgroundObesity and metabolic syndrome (MetS) are associated with high risk of cardiac dysfunction and heart failure. We assessed the effect of obesity and metabolic health status on left ventricular (LV) structure and function in subjects without overt heart disease.MethodsIn 789 subjects (58.8±13.0 years, 50.7% males) without overt heart disease, LV morphology and function were compared among 6 groups stratified by body mass index (BMI) (normal weight, overweight and obese) and metabolic health status (meeting ?1 criterion of MetS excluding waist circumference defined as metabolically healthy; otherwise, metabolically unhealthy).ResultsLV ejection fraction (LVEF) was not different among the 6 groups (P>0.05). However, high BMI and poor metabolic health were associated with poorer global longitudinal strain (GLS), higher LV mass index (LVMI) and higher E/e' (P<0.001). Poor metabolic health status was associated with greater adverse changes in LV structure and function than obesity, and among MetS components, high systolic blood pressure (SBP) showed the greatest impact. Higher SBP, BMI and triglycerides were independently associated with worse GLS, and higher SBP was also associated with worse LVMI and E/e´. GLS, LVMI and E/e´ worsened in proportion to the number of MetS criteria or continuous MetS scores. Adverse myocardial changes associated with obesity were significant in the metabolically healthy group, but not in the metabolically unhealthy group.ConclusionsObesity and poor metabolic health status were associated with subclinical decrement in LV systolic and diastolic function, and higher LV mass, but not with LVEF, in subjects without overt heart disease.
| S-EPMC6742457 | biostudies-literature