Extracellular vesicles and exosomes generated from cystic renal epithelial cells promote cyst growth in autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease.
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ABSTRACT:
SUBMITTER: Ding H
PROVIDER: S-EPMC8316472 | biostudies-literature |
REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature
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Project description:PurposeTo provide a summary of the relevant literature regarding the impact of surgical cyst decortication on hypertension, renal function, and pain management in patients with autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD).MethodsData collection was conducted via a Medline search using the subject headings autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease, surgery, decortication, and marsupialization. Additional reports were derived from references included within these articles.ResultsDespite a trend for improved blood pressure control after cyst decortication in some studies, this cumulative review of the literature did not provide consistent evidence supporting the role of this procedure in blood pressure management in patients with ADPKD. Surgical cyst decortication was associated with renal deterioration in a subset of patients with compromised baseline renal function but did not otherwise appear to have a significant impact on renal function in the majority of studies reviewed. Improvement in chronic pain after this procedure was ubiquitously reported across all studies examined.ConclusionsDespite a potential role in blood pressure management in the setting of ADPKD, surgical cyst decortication has not been definitively shown to alleviate hypertension in this clinical setting. Renal function does not appear to improve following this surgery. Patients with compromised baseline renal function appear to be at increased risk for further deterioration in renal function after cyst decortication, although the role of this procedure in altering the natural trajectory of renal failure in this patient subset needs further investigation. Cyst decortication is highly effective in the management of disease-related chronic pain for the majority of patients with ADPKD, providing durable pain relief in this patient population.
| S-EPMC3643310 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Autosomal Dominant Polycystic Kidney Disease (ADPKD) is characterized by the development of numerous fluid-filled cysts in the kidneys of patients. We recently published our description of the proteome of renal cyst fluid in ADPKD. As a follow-up experiment, we hypothesized that the protein-bound subfraction consists of molecules of mechanistic or diagnostic interest in ADPKD. Using a manual biomarker enrichment kit, we have identified 44 distinct proteins in human cyst fluid.
| S-EPMC2880522 | biostudies-literature
Project description:BackgroundIn patients with autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD), most of whom have a mutation in PKD1 or PKD2, abnormally large numbers of macrophages accumulate around kidney cysts and promote their growth. Research by us and others has suggested that monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (Mcp1) may be a signal for macrophage-mediated cyst growth.MethodsTo define the role of Mcp1 and macrophages in promoting cyst growth, we used mice with inducible knockout of Pkd1 alone (single knockout) or knockout of both Pkd1 and Mcp1 (double knockout) in the murine renal tubule. Levels of Mcp1 RNA expression were measured in single-knockout mice and controls.ResultsIn single-knockout mice, upregulation of Mcp1 precedes macrophage infiltration. Macrophages accumulating around nascent cysts (0-2 weeks after induction) are initially proinflammatory and induce tubular cell injury with morphologic flattening, oxidative DNA damage, and proliferation-independent cystic dilation. At 2-6 weeks after induction, macrophages switch to an alternative activation phenotype and promote further cyst growth because of an additional three-fold increase in tubular cell proliferative rates. In double-knockout mice, there is a marked reduction in Mcp1 expression and macrophage numbers, resulting in less initial tubular cell injury, slower cyst growth, and improved renal function. Treatment of single-knockout mice with an inhibitor to the Mcp1 receptor Ccr2 partially reproduced the morphologic and functional improvement seen with Mcp1 knockout.ConclusionsMcp1 is upregulated after knockout of Pkd1 and promotes macrophage accumulation and cyst growth via both proliferation-independent and proliferation-dependent mechanisms in this orthologous mouse model of ADPKD.
| S-EPMC6171277 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD) is driven by mutations in PKD1 and PKD2 genes. Recent work suggests that epigenetic modulation of gene expression and protein function may play a role in ADPKD pathogenesis. In this study, we identified SMYD2, a SET and MYND domain protein with lysine methyltransferase activity, as a regulator of renal cyst growth. SMYD2 was upregulated in renal epithelial cells and tissues from Pkd1-knockout mice as well as in ADPKD patients. SMYD2 deficiency delayed renal cyst growth in postnatal kidneys from Pkd1 mutant mice. Pkd1 and Smyd2 double-knockout mice lived longer than Pkd1-knockout mice. Targeting SMYD2 with its specific inhibitor, AZ505, delayed cyst growth in both early- and later-stage Pkd1 conditional knockout mouse models. SMYD2 carried out its function via methylation and activation of STAT3 and the p65 subunit of NF-κB, leading to increased cystic renal epithelial cell proliferation and survival. We further identified two positive feedback loops that integrate epigenetic regulation and renal inflammation in cyst development: SMYD2/IL-6/STAT3/SMYD2 and SMYD2/TNF-α/NF-κB/SMYD2. These pathways provide mechanisms by which SMYD2 might be induced by cyst fluid IL-6 and TNF-α in ADPKD kidneys. The SMYD2 transcriptional target gene Ptpn13 also linked SMYD2 to other PKD-associated signaling pathways, including ERK, mTOR, and Akt signaling, via PTPN13-mediated phosphorylation.
| S-EPMC5490754 | biostudies-literature
Project description:BackgroundAutosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD) is a ciliopathy caused by mutations in PKD1 and PKD2 that is characterized by renal tubular epithelial cell proliferation and progressive CKD. Although the molecular mechanisms involved in cystogenesis are not established, concurrent inactivating constitutional and somatic mutations in ADPKD genes in cyst epithelium have been proposed as a cellular recessive mechanism.MethodsWe characterized, by whole-exome sequencing (WES) and long-range PCR techniques, the somatic mutations in PKD1 and PKD2 genes in renal epithelial cells from 83 kidney cysts obtained from nine patients with ADPKD, for whom a constitutional mutation in PKD1 or PKD2 was identified.ResultsComplete sequencing data by long-range PCR and WES was available for 63 and 65 cysts, respectively. Private somatic mutations of PKD1 or PKD2 were identified in all patients and in 90% of the cysts analyzed; 90% of these mutations were truncating, splice site, or in-frame variations predicted to be pathogenic mutations. No trans-heterozygous mutations of PKD1 or PKD2 genes were identified. Copy number changes of PKD1 ranging from 151 bp to 28 kb were observed in 12% of the cysts. WES also identified significant mutations in 53 non-PKD1/2 genes, including other ciliopathy genes and cancer-related genes.ConclusionsThese findings support a cellular recessive mechanism for cyst formation in ADPKD caused primarily by inactivating constitutional and somatic mutations of PKD1 or PKD2 in kidney cyst epithelium. The potential interactions of these genes with other ciliopathy- and cancer-related genes to influence ADPKD severity merits further evaluation.
| S-EPMC6065086 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Autosomal-dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD) is caused by mutations in either PKD1 or PKD2 and is characterized by the development of multiple bilateral renal cysts that replace normal kidney tissue. Here, we used Pkd1 mutant mouse models to demonstrate that the nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide-dependent (NAD-dependent) protein deacetylase sirtuin 1 (SIRT1) is involved in the pathophysiology of ADPKD. SIRT1 was upregulated through c-MYC in embryonic and postnatal Pkd1-mutant mouse renal epithelial cells and tissues and could be induced by TNF-α, which is present in cyst fluid during cyst development. Double conditional knockouts of Pkd1 and Sirt1 demonstrated delayed renal cyst formation in postnatal mouse kidneys compared with mice with single conditional knockout of Pkd1. Furthermore, treatment with a pan-sirtuin inhibitor (nicotinamide) or a SIRT1-specific inhibitor (EX-527) delayed cyst growth in Pkd1 knockout mouse embryonic kidneys, Pkd1 conditional knockout postnatal kidneys, and Pkd1 hypomorphic kidneys. Increased SIRT1 expression in Pkd1 mutant renal epithelial cells regulated cystic epithelial cell proliferation through deacetylation and phosphorylation of Rb and regulated cystic epithelial cell death through deacetylation of p53. This newly identified role of SIRT1 signaling in cystic renal epithelial cells provides the opportunity to develop unique therapeutic strategies for ADPKD.
| S-EPMC4101988 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Progression of autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD) is modified by metabolic defects and obesity. Indeed, reduced food intake slows cyst growth in preclinical rodent studies. Here, we demonstrate the feasibility of daily caloric restriction (DCR) and intermittent fasting (IMF) in a cohort of overweight or obese patients with ADPKD. Clinically significant weight loss occurred with both DCR and IMF; however, weight loss was greater and adherence and tolerability were better with DCR. Further, slowed kidney growth correlated with body weight and visceral adiposity loss independent of dietary regimen. Similarly, we compared the therapeutic efficacy of DCR, IMF, and time restricted feeding (TRF) using an orthologous ADPKD mouse model. Only ADPKD animals on DCR lost significant weight and showed slowed cyst growth compared to ad libitum, IMF, or TRF feeding. Collectively, this supports therapeutic feasibility of caloric restriction in ADPKD, with potential efficacy benefits driven by weight loss.
| S-EPMC8760407 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Alteration of DNA methylation leads to diverse diseases, and the dynamic changes of DNA methylation (DNAm) on sets of CpG dinucleotides in mammalian genomes, named as “DNAm age” and “epigenetic clocks” that can predict chronological age. However, whether and how dysregulation of DNA methylation promotes cyst progression and epigenetic age acceleration in ADPKD remains elusive. In this study, we show that DNA methyltransferase 1 (DNMT1) is upregulated in cystic renal epithelial cells and tissues, and that knockout of Dnmt1 and targeting DNMT1 with hydralazine, a safe demethylating agent, delays cyst growth in Pkd1 mutant kidneys and extends life span of Pkd1 conditional knockout mice. With methyl-CpG binding domain (MBD) protein-enriched genome sequencing (MBD-seq), DNMT1 chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP)-sequencing and RNA-sequencing analysis, we identify two novel DNMT1 targets, PTPRM and PTPN22 (members of the protein tyrosine phosphatase family), which function as mediators of DNMT1 and the phosphorylation and activation of PKD associated signaling pathways, including ERK, mTOR and STAT3. With whole genome bisulfide sequencing (WGBS) in ADPKD kidneys versus normal individuals, we found that the methylation of epigenetic clock associated genes were dysregulated, supporting that epigenetic age was accelerated in ADPKD kidneys. We further identify four epigenetic clock associated genes, including Hsd17b14, Mbnl1, Rassf5 and Plk2. The diverse biological roles of these four genes suggest that their methylation status may not only predict epigenetic age acceleration but also contribute to disease progression in ADPKD.
2024-06-11 | GSE257535 | GEO
Project description:Background and objectivesTo evaluate the growth pattern of kidney cyst number and cyst volume in association with kidney size, demographics, and genotypes in autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease.Design, setting, participants, & measurementsKidney cyst number and cyst volume were measured from serial magnetic resonance images, giving a maximum follow-up of 14.23 years, from 241 patients with autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (15-46 years old at baseline). The growth pattern was analyzed, in association with sex, age, height-adjusted total kidney volume, and genotype, using linear mixed models of repeated measurements and tests of interactions with age (as a time-dependent covariate) to assess rates of change over time. Models were also fit using Irazabal class. Genotypic groups were characterized as either (1) PKD1 truncating, PKD1 nontruncating, and PKD2 plus patients with no mutation detected; or (2) in combination with PKD1 mutation strength groups.ResultsImaging and genetic data were collected (at least one visit) for 236 participants. The mean height-adjusted total cyst number increased exponentially over time from a baseline value of 762 to 1715 at the last clinic visit, while the mean height-adjusted total cyst volume increased exponentially from 305 to 770 ml. Height-adjusted total kidney volume, height-adjusted total cyst number, and height-adjusted total cyst volume were all highly correlated over time. Female participants and participants with larger height-adjusted total kidney volume at baseline showed smaller rates of change in the log of height-adjusted total cyst number and cyst volume. PKD1 was associated with significant increases in both cyst number and volume at a given age, but genotype did not significantly affect the rate of growth.ConclusionsBoth height-adjusted total cyst number and height-adjusted total cyst volume increased exponentially and more than doubled over 14.23 years of follow-up. Compared with PKD2 plus no mutation detected, PKD1 was associated with a greater cyst number and volume at a given age, but no significant difference in the rate of growth.
| S-EPMC6556721 | biostudies-literature
Project description:BackgroundCyst infection is a common and serious complication of autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD) that is often refractory. Carbapenems are frequently needed to treat to patients with refractory cyst infection, but little is known about the penetration of newer water-soluble carbapenems into cysts. This study investigated the penetration of meropenem (MEPM) into infected cysts in patients with ADPKD.MethodsBetween August 2013 and January 2014, 10 ADPKD patients (14 infected cysts) receiving MEPM at Toranomon Hospital underwent drainage of infected cysts and definite cyst infection was confirmed through detection of neutrophils by cyst fluid analysis. The serum concentration of MEPM was measured just after intravenous administration and was compared with that in fluid aspirated from infected cysts.ResultsIn the patients undergoing cyst drainage, the mean serum MEPM concentration was 35.2 ± 12.2 μg/mL (range: 19.7 to 59.2 μg/mL, while the mean cyst fluid concentration of MEPM in the drained liver cysts (n = 12) or kidney cysts (n = 2) was 3.03 ± 2.6 μg/mL (range: 0 to 7.3 μg/mL). In addition, the mean cyst fluid/serum MEPM concentration ratio was 9.46 ± 7.19% (range: 0 to 18.8%). There was no relationship between the cyst fluid concentration of MEPM and the time until drainage after MEPM administration or between the cyst fluid/serum MEPM concentration ratio and the time until drainage.ConclusionThese findings suggest that MEPM shows poor penetration into infected cysts in ADPKD patients.Trial registrationThis study was registered with the University Hospital Medical Information Network (UMIN) as "Penetration of meropenem into cysts in patients with autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD)", UMIN ID 000011292 on July 26th, 2013.
| S-EPMC6194587 | biostudies-literature