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Post-process optimization of 3D printed poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) dental implant scaffold for enhanced structure and mechanical properties: effects of sonication duration and power.

ABSTRACT: We described a technique of a post-process stage to partially remove the poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) binder in Poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) dental scaffolds. The scaffolds were exposed to ultrasonic waves while immersed in an ethanol/acetone solvent mixture that possessed both polar and nonpolar properties. A factorial experiment was conducted in which the scaffolds were treated to three levels of sonication power (p_W): 0, 20% (22 W) and 40% (44 W), and soaking duration (t): 5, 15, and 30 min. The treated scaffolds were characterized by FT-IR, optical microscopy, and mechanical (compressive) testing. FT-IR revealed that the amount of PVA decreased with increasing p_W and t. Two-way ANOVA revealed that increasing p_W and t, respectively, resulted in increasing scaffold surface area to volume (SVR). Sonication and solvent caused structural damage (i.e., unevenness) on the scaffold surface, but the damage was minimal at 20% p_W and 30 min. The optimal values of p_W and t resulting in enhanced fracture strength, strain and toughness were 20% and 30 min, respectively, which corroborated the findings of minimal structural damage. However, sonication had no significant effects on the scaffold stiffness. Mechanistic analysis of the effects of sonication predicted that the ultrasonic energy absorbed by the scaffold was sufficient to disrupt the van Der Waals bonds between the PVA and PLGA but not high enough to disrupt the covalent bonds within the PLGA. This technique is promising as it can partially remove the PVA from the scaffold, and mitigate problematic issues down the line, such as thermal degradation during sterilization, and undue delay/variability in biodegradation.

SUBMITTER: Virinthorn RNVC

PROVIDER: S-EPMC8325663 | biostudies-literature |

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Project description:Background:Despite titanium (Ti) implants have been commonly used in the medical device field due to their superior biocompatibility, implant-associated bacterial infection remains a major clinical complication. Nanosilver, an effective antibacterial agent against a wide spectrum of bacterial strains, with a low-resistance potential, has attracted much interest too. Incorporation of nanosilver on Ti implants may be a promising approach to prevent biofilm formation. Purpose:The objective of the study was to investigate the antibacterial effects and osteoinductive properties of nanosilver/poly (dl-lactic-co-glycolic acid)-coated titanium (NSPTi). Methods:Gram-positive methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and the Gram-negative opportunistic pathogen Pseudomonas aeruginosa (PAO-1) were used to evaluate the antibacterial activity of NSPTi implants through the analysis of bacterial colonization in vitro and in vivo. Furthermore, we examined the osteoinductive potential of NSPTi implants by investigating the proliferation and differentiation of MC3T3-E1 preosteoblast cells. In vivo, the osteoinductive properties of NSPTi implants were assessed by radiographic evaluation, H&E staining, and Masson's trichrome staining. Results:In vitro, bacterial adhesion to the 2% NSPTi was significantly inhibited and <1% of adhered bacteria survived after 24 hours. In vitro, the average colony-forming units (CFU)/g ratios in the 2% NSPTi with 103 CFU MRSA and PAO-1 were 1.50±0.68 and 1.75±0.6, respectively. In the uncoated Ti groups, the ratios were 1.03±0.82×103 and 0.94±0.49×103, respectively. These results demonstrated that NSPTi implants had prominent antibacterial properties. Proliferation of MC3T3-E1 cells on the 2% NSPTi sample was 1.51, 1.78, and 2.22 times that on the uncoated Ti control after 3, 5, and 7 days' incubation, respectively. Furthermore, NSPTi implants promoted the maturation and differentiation of MC3T3-E1 cells. In vivo, NSPTi accelerated the formation of new bone while suppressing bacterial survival. Conclusion:NSPTi implants have simultaneous antibacterial and osteoinductive activities and therefore have the potential in clinical applications.

Project description:MINI: We compared the sensitivity and specificity of peri-implant tissue culture to the vortexing-sonication technique for the diagnosis of spinal implant infection (SII). Lower thresholds of sonicate fluid culture positivity showed increased sensitivity with maintained specificity. We recommend a threshold of 20 CFU/10 mL for sonicate culture positivity for the diagnosis of SII.Study designThis is a retrospective study comparing the diagnosis of spinal implant infection (SII) by peri-implant tissue culture to vortexing-sonication of retrieved spinal implants.ObjectiveWe hypothesized that vortexing-sonication would be more sensitive than peri-implant tissue culture.Summary of background dataWe previously showed implant vortexing-sonication followed by culture to be more sensitive than standard peri-implant tissue culture for diagnosing of SII. In this follow-up study, we analyzed the largest sample size available in the literature to compare these two culture methods and evaluated thresholds for positivity for sonicate fluid for SII diagnosis.MethodsWe compared peri-implant tissue culture to the vortexing-sonication technique which samples bacterial biofilm on the surface of retrieved spinal implants. We evaluated different thresholds for sonicate fluid positivity and assessed the sensitivity and specificity of the two culture methods for the diagnosis of SII.ResultsA total of 152 patients were studied. With more than 100 colony forming units (CFU)/10 mL as a threshold for sonicate fluid culture positivity, there were 46 patients with SII. The sensitivities of peri-implant tissue and sonicate fluid culture were 65.2% and 79.6%; the specificities were 88.7% and 93.4%, respectively. With more than 50 CFU/10 mL as a threshold, there were 50 patients with SII. The sensitivities of peri-implant tissue and sonicate fluid culture were 68.0% and 76.0%; the specificities were 92.2% for both methods. Finally, with more than or equal to 20 CFU/10 mL as a threshold, there were 52 patients with SII. The sensitivities of peri-implant tissue and sonicate fluid culture were 69.2% and 82.7%; the specificities were 94.0% and 92.0%, respectively.ConclusionImplant sonication followed by culture is a sensitive and specific method for the diagnosis of SII. Lower thresholds for defining sonicate fluid culture positivity allow for increased sensitivity with a minimal decrease in specificity, enhancing the clinical utility of implant sonication.Level of evidence4.

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Post-process optimization of 3D printed poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) dental implant scaffold for enhanced structure and mechanical properties: effects of sonication duration and power.

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