Salivary proteome of aphthous stomatitis reveals the participation of vitamin metabolism, nutrients, and bacteria.
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ABSTRACT:
SUBMITTER: Hernandez-Olivos R
PROVIDER: S-EPMC8329211 | biostudies-literature |
REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature
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Project description:BackgroundRecurrent aphthous stomatitis (RAS) is a common oral mucosal disorder of unclear etiopathogenesis. Although recent studies of the oral microbiota by high-throughput sequencing of 16S rRNA genes have suggested that imbalances in the oral microbiota may contribute to the etiopathogenesis of RAS, no specific bacterial species associated with RAS have been identified. The present study aimed to characterize the microbiota in the oral mucosa and saliva of RAS patients in comparison with control subjects at the species level.ResultsThe bacterial communities of the oral mucosa and saliva from RAS patients with active lesions (RAS, n = 18 for mucosa and n = 8 for saliva) and control subjects (n = 18 for mucosa and n = 7 for saliva) were analyzed by pyrosequencing of the 16S rRNA genes. There were no significant differences in the alpha diversity between the controls and the RAS, but the mucosal microbiota of the RAS patients showed increased inter-subject variability. A comparison of the relative abundance of each taxon revealed decreases in the members of healthy core microbiota but increases of rare species in the mucosal and salivary microbiota of RAS patients. Particularly, decreased Streptococcus salivarius and increased Acinetobacter johnsonii in the mucosa were associated with RAS risk. A dysbiosis index, which was developed using the relative abundance of A. johnsonii and S. salivarius and the regression coefficients, correctly predicted 83 % of the total cases for the absence or presence of RAS. Interestingly, A. johnsonii substantially inhibited the proliferation of gingival epithelial cells and showed greater cytotoxicity against the gingival epithelial cells than S. salivarius.ConclusionRAS is associated with dysbiosis of the mucosal and salivary microbiota, and two species associated with RAS have been identified. This knowledge may provide a diagnostic tool and new targets for therapeutics for RAS.
| S-EPMC4818471 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Statement of the Problem:Recurrent aphthous stomatitis (RAS) is the most prevalent ulcerative condition of the oral mucosa. Many studies have emphasized on immunologic factors as the reason of inducing RAS; however, the exact etiologic cause of RAS has not been identified yet. Vitamin D has an endocrine function and regulatory effects on the immune system. It has potential therapeutic effects on autoimmune diseases, psoriasis, and neoplasms. Vitamin D deficiency has been detected in some autoimmune diseases such as rheumatoid arteritis. Purpose:The aim of the present study was to compare the serum and salivary levels of vitamin D in patients with RAS and healthy individuals. Materials and Method:In this cross sectional study, patients with RAS, referring to the Department of Oral Medicine, Tabriz Faculty of Dentistry, were evaluated after taking medical history, clinical examinations, and completing an informed consent form. The serum and salivary vitamin D levels were compared between case (n=26) and control (n=26) groups. Results:The mean serum vitamin D levels in the case and control groups were 33.0.7±12.41 and 50.89±9.30 (ng/dL), respectively, with a statistically significant difference (p<0.001). On the other hand, the mean salivary vitamin D levels in the case and control groups were 17.36± 8.01 and 20.79±6.31 (ng/dL), respectively, with no statistically significant difference (p= 0.09). In addition, the correlation between the serum and salivary levels of vitamin D was 56%, being statistically significant (p< 0.001). Conclusion:The serum levels of vitamin D in patients with RAS were significantly less than that in healthy individuals; however, there were no significant differences in salivary vitamin D levels between patients with RAS and healthy individuals. In addition, there was a significant and positive correlation between serum and salivary levels of vitamin D in all patients.
| S-EPMC6338692 | biostudies-other
Project description:BackgroundBehçet's syndrome (BS) is a multisystem immune-related disease of unknown etiology. Recurrent aphthous stomatitis (RAS) is characterized by the presence of idiopathic oral ulceration without extraoral manifestation. The interplay between the oral microbial communities and the immune response could play an important role in the etiology and pathogenesis of both BS and RAS.ObjectiveTo investigate the salivary and oral mucosal microbial communities in BS and RAS.MethodsPurified microbial DNA isolated from saliva samples (54 BS, 25 healthy controls [HC], and 8 RAS) were examined by the human oral microbe identification microarray. Cultivable salivary and oral mucosal microbial communities from ulcer and non-ulcer sites were identified by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight analysis. Mycobacterium spp. were detected in saliva and in ulcer and non-ulcer oral mucosal brush biopsies following culture on Lowenstein-Jensen slopes and Mycobacterial Growth Indicator Tubes.ResultsThere was increased colonization with Rothia denticariosa of the non-ulcer sites of BS and RAS patients (p<0.05). Ulcer sites in BS were highly colonized with Streptococcus salivarius compared to those of RAS (p<0.05), and with Streptococcus sanguinis compared to HC (p<0.0001). Oral mucosa of HC were more highly colonized with Neisseria and Veillonella compared to all studied groups (p<0.0001).ConclusionsDespite the uncertainty whether the reported differences in the oral mucosal microbial community of BS and RAS are of causative or reactive nature, it is envisaged that restoring the balance of the oral microbial community of the ulcer sites may be used in the future as a new treatment modality for oral ulceration.
| S-EPMC4452653 | biostudies-literature
Project description:BackgroundThe death of oral keratinocytes is a crucial step in the emergence of recurrent aphthous stomatitis (RAS, also known as aphthae or aphthous ulcers). Since there are no experimental models available to research aphthous ulcers, little is understood about this process. We hypothesize that saliva can be a data bank of information that offers insights on epithelial damage.MethodsIn this case-crossover study, we assessed the salivary proteome of patients with RAS (n = 36) in the presence and absence of ulcers using discovery proteomics and bioinformatics. Additionally, we contrasted these patterns with those of healthy individuals (n = 31) who had no prior aphthous ulceration.ResultsSalivary proteome showed that during the ulcerative phase, controlled cell death was downregulated. Due to its ability to distinguish between individuals with and without ulcers, the ATF6B protein raises the possibility that endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress is responsible for the damage that leads to the death of oral keratinocytes. The high abundance of TRAP1 and ERN1 matches with this biological discovery. The type of death is immunogenic, according to the functional data found in a cell death database.ConclusionWe identified a cellular process that can lead to the death of oral keratinocytes in the etiopathogenesis process of RAS. Future studies should be conducted to identify what is responsible for the increase in ER stress signaling that would lead to an anti-cell death response.
| S-EPMC10176878 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Some studies suggest that psychological condition and stress can play role in the development of recurrent aphthous stomatitis (RAS). The purpose of this study was to evaluate salivary cortisol changes and psychological conditions in patients with RAS.Twenty-seven patients (13 males and 14 females, mean age of 32.8 (±10.2) years) with minor RAS and 27 age- and sex-matched controls without RAS participated in this study. The concentration of cortisol (nanomole/L) was measured in samples of unstimulated saliva from patients and controls two times; once during the presence of active lesions and once again when the lesions had healed by immunologic assay. The Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale was employed to determine psychological condition. Visual analog scale for pain severity was recorded for patients with active lesions episode. Data were analyzed by the SPSS software (version 18.0) using paired and unpaired t-tests and Pearson correlation coefficient.Salivary cortisol level was lower in patients during active lesions (12.4 ± 5.1) and healing (10.5 ± 3.9) episodes compared to the controls (13.1 ± 3.6) (P = 0.583, P = 0.015; respectively). There was no significant difference in salivary cortisol between active lesions and healing episodes (P = 0.943). Anxiety and depression represented no significant differences between active lesions and healing episodes (P > 0.05). Anxiety and depression levels in patients were significantly higher than in controls (P < 0.05). Pain severity in active lesions was not significantly correlated to salivary cortisol level, and anxiety or depression scores (P > 0.05).The findings showed that occurrence of RAS was associated with anxiety and depression but not with alterations of salivary cortisol level.
| S-EPMC5551332 | biostudies-other
Project description:Recurrent aphthous stomatitis (RAS) is the most common disease affecting oral mucosae. Etiology is unknown, but several factors have been implicated, all of which influence the composition of microbiota residing on oral mucosae, which in turn modulates immunity and thereby affects disease progression. Although no individual pathogens have been conclusively shown to be causative agents of RAS, imbalanced composition of the oral microbiota may play a key role. In this study, we sought to determine composition profiles of bacterial microbiota in the oral mucosa associated with RAS. Using high-throughput 16S rRNA gene sequencing, we characterized the most abundant bacterial populations residing on healthy and ulcerated mucosae in patients with RAS (recruited using highly stringent criteria) and no associated medical conditions; we also compared these to the bacterial microbiota of healthy controls (HCs). Phylum-level diversity comparisons revealed decreased Firmicutes and increased Proteobacteria in ulcerated sites, as compared with healthy sites in RAS patients, and no differences between RAS patients with healthy sites and HCs. Genus-level analysis demonstrated higher abundance of total Bacteroidales in RAS patients with healthy sites over HCs. Porphyromonadaceae comprising species associated with periodontal disease and Veillonellaceae predominated in ulcerated sites over HCs, while no quantitative differences of these families were observed between healthy sites in RAS patients and HCs. Streptococcaceae comprising species associated with oral health predominated in HCs over ulcerated sites but not in HCs over healthy sites in RAS patients. This study demonstrates that mucosal microbiome changes in patients with idiopathic RAS--namely, increased Bacteroidales species in mucosae of RAS patients not affected by active ulceration. While these changes suggest a microbial role in initiation of RAS, this study does not provide data on causality. Within this limitation, the study contributes to the understanding of the potential role of mucosal microbiome changes in oral mucosal disease.
| S-EPMC4541092 | biostudies-literature
Project description:BackgroundSpecific pathogenic bacteria have been implicated in recurrent aphthous stomatitis (RAS), a chronic inflammatory condition characterised by ulcerations in the oral mucosa. However, the aetiology behind this condition still remains unclear.ObjectiveThe buccal microbiota of patients with RAS was compared to that of control subjects to investigate its potential role for this condition.DesignBuccal swabs were obtained from non-ulcerative areas of 60 patients, of whom 42 patients had lesions at the time of sampling, and 60 healthy age- and gender-matched controls. Bacterial DNA was extracted and analysed by Terminal-Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism, using enzymatic digestion of the polymerase chain reaction-amplified 16S rRNA gene, yielding a series of peaks, each representing a bacterial taxon.ResultsTwo peaks, 60 and 489, were more prevalent in patients with RAS than controls. Conversely, peaks 58 and 490 were less common in patients than controls. When the patients were divided into subgroups, we found that the observed differences in peak-pattern were related to the presence of lesions during sampling.ConclusionsThe microbiota of the non-inflamed buccal mucosa differed between patients and controls. The differences were most pronounced in patients who presented with lesions during sampling, suggesting that a disturbance in the normal buccal microbiota triggers the presence of lesions or that presence of lesions alters the microbiota.
| S-EPMC4221501 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Recurrent aphthous stomatitis (RAS) represents the most common chronic oral diseases with the prevalence ranges from 5% to 25% for different populations. Its pathogenesis remains poorly understood, which limits the development of effective drugs and treatment methods. In this study, we conducted systemic bioinformatics analysis of gene expression profiles from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) to identify potential drug targets for RAS. We firstly downloaded the gene microarray datasets with the accession number of GSE37265 from GEO and performed robust multi-array (RMA) normalization with affy R programming package. Secondly, differential expression genes (DEGs) in RAS samples compared with control samples were identified based on limma package. Enriched gene ontology (GO) terms and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathways of DEGs were obtained through the Database for Annotation, Visualization and Integrated Discovery (DAVID). Finally, protein-protein interaction (PPI) network was constructed based on the combination of HPRD and BioGrid databases. What's more, we identified modules of PPI network through MCODE plugin of Cytoscape for the purpose of screening of valuable targets. As a result, 915 genes were found to be significantly differential expression in RAS samples and biological processes related to immune and inflammatory response were significantly enriched in those genes. Network and module analysis identified FBXO6, ITGA4, VCAM1 and etc as valuable therapeutic targets for RAS. Finally, FBXO6, ITGA4, and VCAM1 were further confirmed by real time RT-PCR and western blot. This study should be helpful for the research and treatment of RAS.
| S-EPMC5762305 | biostudies-literature
Project description:IntroductionRecurrent aphthous ulcers are common but poorly understood mucosal disorder. Local and systemic conditions, genetic, immunological, and microbial factors may play a role in the pathogenesis of recurrent aphthous ulceration (RAS). Different aetiologies and mechanisms might be involved in the aetiopathogenesis of aphthous ulceration. Cytokines are thought to play an important role and high levels of interleukin (IL)-6, a pro-inflammatory cytokine, have been detected in the circulation of ulcer tissue. The purpose of the present study was to investigate if polymorphisms of IL-6 gene are associated with RAS in a cohort of specific population.MethodologyA total of 37 RAS patients and 18 healthy controls were included in the study. The genotypes of IL-6 gene -174G\C polymorphisms were determined using polymerase chain reaction and sequencing.ResultsFour SNPs were analyzed, one known mutation which been evaluated as a risk factor for RAS, and three new mutations were investigated. The genotype frequencies of -174G\C polymorphism showed no statistically significant differences between RAS patients and controls (p\ 0.629). Polymorphisms of Rs1800795 heterozygous genotype were found in 21.62% of cases, and 33.33% of controls. Homozygous mutant genotype was found in 5.41% of cases and no homozygous mutant genotype was found in control group. The normal alleles were found in 72.97% of cases and 66.67% of control.ConclusionThus, according to our study, IL-6 gene polymorphism is not involved in RAS pathogenesis. Further studies should be done on large sample size to detect any association with pathogenesis. However, an alternative reasoning could point out to a complex interactive effect on IL-6 expression that might exist between any of the detected polymorphisms.
| S-EPMC8665156 | biostudies-literature
Project description:AimTo determine the impact of recurrent aphthous stomatitis on quality of life related to oral health, and then to determine the relationship between the observed impact and lesions characteristics.MethodsIn this prospective case-control study (n=62), patients were divided into a healthy group (people with no history of ulcers) and recurrent aphthous stomatitis (people who had an active ulcer at study entry). The latter were also evaluated when the lesion disappeared (remission stage). We record the quality of life in all groups using the impact profile of oral health in its abbreviated Spanish version (OHIP-14SP). Finally, we correlate the clinical characteristics of the lesions with the levels of quality of life.ResultsAll the lesions were of the minor morphological type. Most of the lesions were located on the lining mucosa, primarily on the lips. Patients report a lower quality of life during ulcer episodes compared to ulcer-free periods, and this impact is positively related to the number and size of lesions.ConclusionWe concluded that recurrent aphthous stomatitis increased the negative effects of oral health on the quality of life of patients. The number and size of ulcers are responsible for this impact. Our results suggest that, if intervened locally, general relief of the condition could be achieved.
| S-EPMC9341334 | biostudies-literature